Background: Cranial radiographs are routinely made in 2 projections, namely Antero Posterior (AP) and Lateral with a minimum distance of 100 cm from the radiation source to the image receptor. In addition, it has been shown that increasing the SID from 40 to 48 inches reduces the skin dose even when the requirement for an increase in mAs is considered. A 44-inch or 48-inch SID is recommended where departmental equipment and protocols allow. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the addition of SID to decrease the radiation dose on cranium radiographs.Methods: This type of research is a pre-experimental quantitative. The study was conducted at the radiology laboratory of Diploma Three Program of Radiology Purwokerto, Semarang Health Politechnic of Ministry of Health. The research subject is a Radiographic Xray Cranial Phantom. At the time of exposure, the radiation dose was measured and the resulting image was measured CNR value.Results: The results of radiation dose measurements at each SID setting for AP cranium radiographs are shown in the table above. setting SID 100 cm produces a radiation dose of 5.58 mSv, SID 110 cm produces a radiation dose of 5.16 mSv, SID 120 cm produces a radiation dose of 5.02 mSv, SID 130 cm produces a radiation dose of 4.84 mSv, SID 140 cm produces a radiation dose of 4.64 mSv and SID 150 cm produces a radiation dose of 4.36 mSv. There are differences in radiation dose values between SID settings of 100 cm, 110 cm, 120 cm, 130 cm, 140 cm and 150 cm with a statistical test p-value 0.001. The results of statistical tests on the Contrast to Noise Ratio value on changes in the SID value of the AP cranium radiography examination showed no significant difference. The p-value of the statistical test is 0.274 which means there is no difference in the CNR value between the SID settings of 100 cm, 110 cm, 120 cm, 130 cm, 140 cm and 150 cm.Conclusions: An increase in SID causes a decrease in radiation dose. The increase in SID did not cause a significant difference to the quality of the Contrast to Noise Ratio on the AP cranium radiograph image.

The sagital T2* W MERGE sequence is a sequence in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examination of the knee joint in the radiology department of Panti Rapih Hospital Yogyakarta. The value of Flip Angle (FA) on the T2 * W MERGE sequence will affect to anatomical information. The right FA can produce good image contrast of fluid and tissue. This study aims to find out the relationship between FA variations toward anatomical information and to determine the the optimum FA. Ten patients with Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Tear were scaned by 1.5 Tesla MRI using Sagittal T2 * W MERGE with five flip angle variations: 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350. The anatomical informations were assesed by two qualified radiologists in ACL Tear, Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL), Quadriceps Tendon, Joint Effusion, and Hoffa Fat Pad. Data were analyzed by Cross Tabulation, Spearman Rank test and Freadman test. Result showed that there was a significant correlation (p-value < 0,05) between flip angle value to anatomical information (correlation value was -0.55), increasing the FA will reduce the clarity of the anatomical image. Based on Freadman test results, the highest mean rank of image information was 3.89 obtained by FA 200.

Background : The Knee joint is a hinge joint with a change formed by the two condyls of the femur that are jointed with the superior surface of the tibial tube. Radiographic examination of the knee joint on AP weight bearing and lateral weight bearing projections is a good projection in revealing joint gaps in the knee joint. The constraints on this examination are when patients who have little difficulty standing on one leg when doing lateral projection of weight bearing. So that a knee joint examination tool is needed in the case of osteoarthrithis.Methods : The purpose of this study was to describe the design, study the function tests and performance tests of knee joint hearing aids in the case of osteoarthrithis.This research is a type of experimental research with the design of a one shoot case study. Data collection is obtained by a check list of results of functional tests and performance test tools. The data obtained was assessed by Guttman's scale and conclusions and suggestions were drawn.This study produced a design in the form of a knee joint examination tool. The tool is made of stainless steel pipes, on a pedestal made of wooden boards, foam and cloth. Based on the calculation of the check list using the Guttman scale.Result: The function test results were 100% and the performance test results were 96%. Until the knee joint examination tool in the case of osteoarthrithis is said to be feasible to use.Conclusion : This knee joint examination aid has a number of parts, a pedestal made of wood sheets, adjustable footrests, and a patient's padded arms. The auxiliary framework uses a 3 cm diameter stainless steel pipe with a thickness of 1 mm. Based on the functional tests in the Radiology Installation of Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto obtained results 100% for knee joint examination in osteoarthritis cases with AP weight bearing projections and lateral weight bearing. Based on performance tests which involved 5 respondents who were radiographers were said to be very appropriate with a percentage of 96% with an excess of ease in operation, reducing the movement of patients, and helping the radiographers to produce informative radiographs.

Cervical spine radiographic examination with 450 oblique projection can be performed using anteroposterior (AP) oblique or posteroanterior (PA) oblique. There are radiosensitive organs that are exposed to radiation during the examination. This study aims to determine the radiation dose (Entrance Surface Dose) received by thyroid, eye, and breast on radiographic examination in AP oblique and PA oblique projections. Radiographic phantom with equivalent structure to human body was positioned in AP oblique and PA oblique. A modificated protractor was used to maintain the positioning precision. The optimum exposure factors (confirmed by Exposure Index) were used. Radiation dose on the thyroid, the eye, and the breast were measured 9 times using Termoluminisence Dosemeter for each positioning techniques. Data were analyzed by independent t-test. The average radiation dose received by the thyroid, the breast, and the eye between AP oblique and PA oblique projections were (0.915 and 0.174), (0.059 and 0.025), and (0.234 and 0.079), respectively. There were significant differences in the radiation dose received by the thyroid (p value <0.05), the breast (p value <0.05), and the eye (p value <0.05). The radiation dose were lower (81% on thyroid), (58% on breast), (66% on eye) by using PA oblique projection.

ABSTRACT Introduction : Data at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) from 2012 to 2016 recorded that there were 1,432 patients with a head injury diagnosis. Of the patients diagnosed with moderate or severe head injury, 11 (3.07%) patients had head and neck injuries. The clinical pathway in the diagnosis of head injury, CT-Scan of the brain (preferably with the inclusion of the cervical vertebrae) is now the rule in assessing traumatic brain injury. At the Radiology Installation of the Salatiga City Hospital, a head CT scan with a head injury diagnosis used a scan of the area from cervical 7 to the vertex, then cervical radiographs were made using MPR. Methods : This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. Data collection was carried out in March 2020 by direct observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation studies.Results : Patients diagnosed with CKS and CKB were shown cervical MPR. This MPR image has no superposition, which usually shows cervical 1 and 2 superposition with the mandible even at an angle, and in the lateral projection, cervical 7 superposition with the shoulder. The disadvantage is that the radiation dose received by the patient increases, but on radiological examination there is a justification principle, namely even though using a CT-Scan with greater radiation, the benefits obtained are also greater. In addition, burst fractures can be seen on cervical radiographs from MPR. There are fractures in trauma victims that are not fully demonstrated on radiographs at cervical 1 to cervical 2, cervical 6 to 7 cervical levels, and most involve the transverse process because the patient is uncooperative. Helical CT scanning can depict significant fractures that cannot be demonstrated on conventional radiographs and should be added to the initial screening for suspected cervical trauma.Conclusion : The cervical MPR image aims to obtain four cervical projections, namely AP, lateral, right oblique, and left oblique without conventional projections with the aim of minimizing movement in patients who are at risk of aggravating spinal cord injury. Diagnostic information from MPR results is to obtain structural visualization. specific, determine the extent of the lesion, localize the lesion and bone fragments. However, the radiation dose received is greater than conventional radiographic examinations.