The purpose of this study was to investigate the consciousness among young people (n = 1016) on training body part(s), using a questionnaire-based survey showing participants a picture of a single-joint exercise. The participants were shown a picture of knee-extension exercise (KNEE-EXT), and were asked to identify the body part(s) they felt were being trained. On seeing the picture, more than 90% of the participants felt that KNEE-EXT can train the anterior thigh part. However, more than 90% of the participants who had no experience doing KNEE-EXT felt that the exercise trained not only the anterior thigh part but also other parts, including the trunk, the posterior thigh, and the upper limb. Among those participants who had performed KNEE-EXT without the experience of strength-training under professional supervision, approximately 80% felt that the exercise was appropriate to train not only the anterior thigh but also other parts. These results suggest that performing exercises by referring to only a picture may result in the individuals not properly understanding how the body part(s) should be trained during exercise, even in single-joint exercises. Appropriate supervision is of even greater importance especially for strength-training beginners. Furthermore, even among participants who had an experience of exercise under professional supervision, approximately 60% had a similar response. Therefore, to enhance the benefits of exercises, individuals (even those who have had experience in training under professional supervision) should always be instructed under appropriate supervision on the correct technique and knowledge about the exercises.Jpn J Phys Fitness Sports Med, 67(6): 393-401 (2018) Keywords : leg extension, strength training, exercise instructor, quadriceps 1 九州共立大学スポーツ学部，〒807-8585 福岡県北九州市八幡西区自由ケ丘 1-8

Development of body part(s) training consciousness through imaging of various trunk muscle exercises.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the consciousness among young people (n＝ 1000) of training body part(s) by showing participants a picture of trunk muscle exercises through a questionnaire-based survey. The participants were shown a picture of bent-knee situp (sit-up), back extension (back-EXT), and plank from elbows to toes (plank), and were asked which body part(s) they felt was being trained in each picture. As for the frequency of performing these exercises, only 3z and 8z of all the participants had never performed sit-up and plank exercises, respectively. On seeing the picture, 40-60z of the participants who had no experience doing a sit-up or back-EXT felt that these exercises were to train not only the agonist muscle but also the antagonist muscle. Approximately 40z of the participants who had no experience doing a plank exercise felt that it was not to train the epigastrium or hypogastrium area. Among the participants who experienced doing a plank exercise without a previous experience of strength training under professional supervision, more than half felt that plank exercise was appropriate to train not only the trunk but also the upper limb or lower leg. Furthermore, among the participants who had a previous experience of strength training under professional supervision, approximately 30z had such an opinion. Therefore, although the penetration rate of these trunk exercises are high, doing trunk exercises by referring to only a picture may result in the participants not properly understanding how the body part(s) should be trained during the exercise. Therefore, to enhance the beneˆts of trunk exercises, individuals (even those who had a previous experience of training under professional supervision) always need to be instructed through appropriate supervision on the correct technique and knowledge about the exercises.

The manual lifting of objects is considered to be a risk factor for low back pain (LBP) . Although the association between lifting motions and LBP is controversial, it is believed that lifting motions that involve flexion of the knee joint as well as the hip joint (squat method) are appropriate for preventing LBP, in contrast to motions that do not flex the knee and involve forward bending of the trunk (stoop method) . The purpose of this study was to investigate how experts in exercise instruction linguistically express lifting motion or posture by the squat method. Twenty-seven high school or university physical education teachers or certified exercise instructors were presented with a photograph of a lifting motion and asked what expression would be used when instructing about the squat method. 70-80% of the participants answered that it was easy to give instructions about the lifting motion verbally. The most common expressions were those relating to 'hip position', squatting, 'trunk posture' and 'gaze'. However, the highest response rate for these expressions was 55%, and there were no common expressions among most of the participants. These results indicate that there is a variety of terms used to express the same motion or posture, even among experts in exercise instruction, and they suggest that expressions vary among different experts.

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