Diurnal fluctuations in glucose levels continuously monitored during normal daily life are investigated using an extended random walk analysis, referred to as detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), in 12 nondiabetic subjects and 15 diabetic patients. The DFA exponent alpha = 1.25 +/- 0.29 for healthy individuals in the "long-range" (>2 h) regime is shown to be significantly (P < 0.01) smaller than the reference "uncorrelated" value of alpha = 1.5, suggesting that the instantaneous net effects of the dynamical balance of glucose flux and reflux, causing temporal changes in glucose concentration, are long-range negatively correlated. By contrast, in diabetic patients, the DFA exponent alpha = 1.65 +/- 0.30 is significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that in nondiabetic subjects, evidencing a breakdown of the long-range negative correlation. It is suggested that the emergence of such positive long-range glucose correlations in diabetic patients-indicating that the net effects of the flux and reflux persist for many hours-likely reflects pathogenic mechanisms of diabetes, i.e., the lack of long-term stability of blood glucose and that the long-range negatively correlated glucose dynamics are functional in maintaining normal glucose homeostasis.

Such long-range positive correlation in glucose homeostasis may reflect pathogenic mechanisms of diabetes, i.e., the lack of the tight control in blood glucose regulation. Using modern time series analysis methods such as DFA, continuous evaluation of glucose dynamics could promote better diagnoses and prognoses of diabetes and a better understanding of the fundamental mechanism of glucose dysregulation in diabetes.

In the present study, the effects of morphine were examined on tests of spatial memory, object exploration, locomotion, and anxiety in male ICR mice. Administration of morphine (15 or 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) induced a significant decrease in Y-maze alternations compared to saline vehicle-treated mice. The reduced Y-maze alternations induced by morphine were completely blocked by naloxone (15 mg/kg) or β-funaltrexamine (5 mg/kg) but not by norbinaltorphimine (5 mg/kg) or naltrindole (5 mg/kg), suggesting that the morphine-induced spatial memory impairment was mediated predominantly by μ-opioid receptors (MOPs). Significant spatial memory retrieval impairments were observed in the Morris water maze (MWM) in mice treated with morphine (15 mg/kg) or scopolamine (1 mg/kg), but not with naloxone or morphine plus naloxone. Reduced exploratory time was observed in mice after administration of morphine (15 mg/kg), in a novel-object exploration test, without any changes in locomotor activity. No anxiolytic-like behavior was observed in morphine-treated mice in the elevated plus maze. A significant reduction in buried marbles was observed in morphine-treated mice measured in the marble-burying test, which was blocked by naloxone. These observations suggest that morphine induces impairments in spatial short-term memory and retrieval, and reduces exploratory behavior, but that these effects are not because of overall changes in locomotion or anxiety.

This report presents mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic data on samples obtained using the Benthic Multi-coring System (BMS) to drill a submarine hydrothermal deposit developed in a caldera on the summit of the Suiyo Seamount in the Izu -Bonin Island Arc, south of Japan. This deposit is regarded as the fi rst example of Kuroko-type sulfi de mineralization on a volcano at the volcanic front of an island arc. The mineralization and hydrothermal alteration below the 300 × 150-m area of active venting was investigated to depths of 2 -9 m below the sea fl oor. Drilling beneath the area of active venting recovered a sequence of altered volcanic rocks (dacite lavas, pyroclastic rocks of dacite -rhyolite compositions and pumice) associated with sulfi de veining and patches/veins of anhydrite. No massive sulfi de was found, however, and the subsea-fl oor mineralization to 10 m depth is dominated by anhydrite and clay minerals with some sulfi des. Sulfi de-bearing samples contained high Au (up to 42 ppm), Ag (up to 263 ppm), As (up to 1550 ppm), Hg (up to 55 ppm), Sb (up to 772 ppm), and Se (up to 24 ppm). Electron probe microanalyzer indicated that realgar, orpiment, and mimetite were major As-bearing minerals. The sulfi des were also characterized by high Zn (>10%) compared to Cu (<6.3%) and Pb (<0.6%). The ␦ 202 Hg/ 198 Hg, ␦ 202 Hg/ 199 Hg and ␦ 202 Hg/ 200 Hg of the sulfi de-bearing dacite samples and a sulfi de chimney decreased with increasing Hg/Zn concentration ratio. The variation of the ␦ 202 Hg/ 198 Hg ranged from −2.8 to +0.5 ‰ to relative to S-HG02027. The large range of these ␦ 202 Hg/ 198 Hg was greater than might be expected for such a heavy element and may be due to a predominance of kinetic effects. The variation of ␦ 202 Hg/ 198 Hg of sulfi de-bearing dacite samples suggested that light Hg isotope in the vapor mixed with oxygenated seawater near sea fl oor during mineralization. Lead isotope ratios of the sulfi de were very similar to those of the dacite lava, suggesting that lead is of magmatic origin. The 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio (0.70872) of anhydrite was different from that of the dacite lava, and suggests an Sr derivation predominantly from seawater. Hydrothermal alteration of the dacite in the Suiyo hydrothermal fi eld was characterized by Fe-sulfi des, anhydrite, barite, montmorillonite, chlorite/montmorillonite mixed-layer minerals, mica, and chlorite with little