Larval dispersion rather than adult migration generally leads to the worldwide expansion of fishes. Species of the genus Gymnocanthus have expanded geographically while undergoing allopatric speciation. Of this genus, while Gymnocanthus tricuspis inhabits the Arctic Ocean and surrounding area, G. herzensteini and G. intermedius occur around northern Japan. Larval early life histories of G. herzensteini and G. intermedius from northern Japan and G. tricuspis from Unalaska Island were investigated to estimate their dispersal potential during larval stages. The larval and juvenile abundances of G. herzensteini and G. intermedius were highest in May in shallow sandy bottoms below 7 m in depth, and the body sizes were 9.7–34.6 mm notochord length (NL) and/or standard length (SL) in G. herzensteini and 8.4–46.7 mm NL and/or SL in G. intermedius. Two egg masses of G. tricuspis (1.92 ± 0.08 mm in diameter) and hatched larvae (6.20 ± 0.19 mm NL) were collected in March. Compared with other sculpins in previous studies, the body sizes of G. herzensteini and G. intermedius at hatch are large and at settlement are small, while both hatch and settlement sizes of G. tricuspis are much larger. Counting micro‐increments between the hatch check and settlement marks in G. herzensteini and G. intermedius demonstrated that the pelagic larval durations for 2 weeks with an immature body suggests that these species cannot disperse widely during the pelagic phase, while pelagic larvae of Arctic species such as G. tricuspis with long pelagic larval durations could disperse.