Failure observation and numerical analysis were conducted to understand how shear damage develops in brittle solids under biaxial compression. A biaxial compression often induces shear damaged in brittle solids, which is preceded by a formation of huge number of array cracks. Cracks in the array appeared gradually as applied compression increased. They were almost similar in shape; gently curved but were possible to approximate a troop of straight cracks almost parallel to each other without loss of essential characteristics. Under a uniaxial compression, a brittle material tends to fail exhibiting a crack growth almost parallel to the loading axis. In this situation, the crack propagates rather in a stable fashion since the stress intensity factor at crack tip generally decreases with crack extension. Under a biaxial compression, however, such a stable crack growth is strongly inhibited. Consequently, an array of microcracks often appears as a presage of the macroscopic shear failure. A mechanism of the appearance of damaged zone with increase of applied compression was discussed using a scattered cracking model. It was found that each crack composing the damaged zone has a possibility to open due to crack-tocrack interaction and a localized tensile stress appeared both in the interior and in the exterior of the damaged zone. The localized tension appeared in the interior of the damaged zone may increase a crack density, while that appeared in the exterior of the damaged zone would bring an enlargement of the damaged zone.

The purpose of this study was to investigate campus life anxiety to clarify the causes of differences among academic years. [Subjects] The subjects were 223 first-to third-year physical therapy students (121 males, 102 females). [Methods] The students were surveyed in late May using the College Life Anxiety Scale (CLAS). [Results] Comparisons of CLAS subscales revealed there were no differences between males and females in each academic year, nor in the items of "anxiety about daily life" and "anxiety about assessment". However, the item of "maladjustment to university" became significantly higher among males in the second and third years, compared to the first year. The main cause was "maladjustment to the department of physical therapy" itself. [Conclusion] The number of male students experiencing campus life anxiety because of maladjustment to the department increases from the second academic year on. Therefore, appropriate consultation, such as offers to change the department, is necessary for students during their first year.

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