Whipple's disease is a rare multiorgan systemic disease caused by Tropheryma whipplei infection that may present with a wide range of signs and symptoms. This study aim to comprehensively review and determine the inpatient prevalence, mortality, risk factors, and reasons for hospitalization of patients with Whipple's disease. ICD-10 codes were used to identify admissions with Whipple's disease during the years 2016 to 2018. Characteristics of admissions with and without Whipple's disease were compared. The most common reasons for hospitalization were identified in admissions with Whipple's disease. The prevalence of Whipple's disease was 4.6 per 1 million hospitalizations during the study period. Whipple's disease admissions were significantly older than other hospitalizations, with a mean age of 60.2 ± 1.6 years compared to 50.0 ± 0.1. Males were more likely to have Whipple's disease and represented approximately two-thirds of hospitalizations. A disproportionate number of admissions occurred in the Midwest. Patients with Whipple's disease were most commonly admitted for gastrointestinal disease, followed by systemic infection, cardiovascular/circulatory disease, musculoskeletal disease, respiratory disease, and neurological disease. High mortality was seen in admissions for central nervous system (CNS) disease. Whipple's disease has heterogeneous presentations for inpatient admissions, and disproportionately affects older males. High hospitalization rates in the Midwest support environmental and occupational disease transmission likely from the soil. Hospitalists should be aware of the various acute, subacute, and chronic presentations of this disease, and that acute presentations may be more common in the inpatient setting.

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BACKGROUND Although esophageal candidiasis (EC) may manifest in immunocompetent individuals, there is a lack of consensus in the current literature about predisposing conditions that increase the risk of infection. AIM To determine the prevalence of EC in patients without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and identify risk factors for infection. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed inpatient and outpatient encounters from 5 regional hospitals within the United States (US) from 2015 to 2020. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth and Tenth Revisions were used to identify patients with endoscopic biopsies of the esophagus and EC. Patients with HIV were excluded. Adults with EC were compared to age, gender, and encounter-matched controls without EC. Patient demographics, symptoms, diagnoses, medications, and laboratory data were obtained from chart extraction. Differences in medians for continuous variables were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test and categorical variables using chi-square analyses. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors for EC, after adjusting for potential confounding factors. RESULTS Of the 1969 patients who had endoscopic biopsies of the esophagus performed from 2015 to 2020, 295 patients had the diagnosis of EC. 177 of 1969 patients (8.99%) had pathology confirming the diagnosis of EC and were included in the study for data collection and further analysis. In comparison to controls, patients with EC had significantly higher rates of gastroesophageal reflux disease (40.10% vs 27.50%; P = 0.006), prior organ transplant (10.70% vs 2%; P < 0.001), immunosuppressive medication (18.10% vs 8.10%; P = 0.002), proton pump inhibitor (48% vs 30%; P < 0.001), corticosteroid (35% vs 17%; P < 0.001), Tylenol (25.40% vs 16.20%; P = 0.019), and aspirin use (39% vs 27.50%; P = 0.013). On multivariable logistic regression analysis, patients with a prior organ transplant had increased odds of EC (OR = 5.81; P = 0.009), as did patients taking a proton pump inhibitor (OR = 1.66; P = 0.03) or corticosteroids (OR = 2.05; P = 0.007). Patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease or medication use, including immunosuppressive medications, Tylenol, and aspirin, did not have a significantly increased odds of EC. CONCLUSION Prevalence of EC in non-HIV patients was approximately 9% in the US from 2015-2020. Prior organ transplant, proton pump inhibitors, and corticosteroids were identified ...