Diclofenac sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that effectively manages pain following therapeutic extractions. Post-extraction pain is commonly treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In addition to their high bioavailability and long duration of action, transdermal NSAIDS have several other advantages. The review tries to understand and elucidate the use of transdermal patches, here Diclofenac, as a postoperative pain management modality. Drug delivery is one of the essential aspects of drug administration where transdermal patches are to be found equally effective when compared to oral administration of drugs. Various analgesics can be administered as patches, for example, ketoprofen, diclofenac, etc. There are also comparative studies between diclofenac and ketoprofen to see and understand the efficacy of transdermal patches compared with oral administration. Compared to oral administration, transdermal patches offer numerous benefits. These include avoidance of first-pass metabolism, sustained and non-rapid absorption, steady plasma levels that remain for prolonged periods, lack of patient dependence on drugs, prevention of gastric distress, and flexibility of stopping delivery of medications by simply removing the patch. This review aims to examine the diclofenac transdermal patch's effectiveness in reducing postoperative pain after orthodontic extraction.

Introduction: The orthodontic treatment focuses on improving facial esthetics and functional occlusion by improving the masticatory function, including masticatory chewing pattern, masticatory muscle activity, maximum occlusal force, and occlusal contact area. In orthodontics, every decision is based on the patient’s growth pattern and muscle strength. Aim: To evaluate the gonial angle, hand grip strength and association of the gonial angle with Hand Grip Strength(HGS) in vertical, horizontal and average growers. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from 24th June 2021 to 24th July 2022 in the Orthodontics Department at Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital in Sawangi, Wardha District, Maharashtra, India on a total of 196 patients. Data were categorized according to the growth pattern. For the vertical growth pattern, 49 patients were selected, 49 for the horizontal growth pattern, and 98 for the average growth pattern. A Jamar hand dynamometer was used to measure HGS and gonial angle using a lateral cephalogram. Study compared the results using inferential and descriptive statistics with a Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (one-way) and multiple comparisons with the Tukey test. Also, p<0.05 was considered as a level of significance. Results: The data of total of 49 patients in vertical growth pattern, 49 for the horizontal growth pattern, and 98 for the average growth pattern was collected and analysed. Grip strength and Gonial angle were compared between horizontal, average, and vertical growers. The gonial angle ranged from 101°to 124° in the average growth pattern, 81° to 99° in the horizontal growth pattern and 121° to 156° in the vertical growth pattern. The HGS in the horizontal growth pattern patients ranged from 27.2 Kg to 57.5 Kg. The HGS in the vertical growth pattern ranged from 14.7 Kg to 37.7 Kg. In the vertical growth pattern, the HGS was decreased compared to the Horizontal growth pattern group. To determine the factor of HGS, Gonial angle is the most prominent one. The assessment of growth patterns is vital in diagnosis and treatment planning. Conclusion: The study concluded that due to weak muscle strength, vertical group cases should be treated more carefully

Introduction: Living a physically and mentally healthy lifestyle is equally vital. It occurs at all socioeconomic levels and affects individuals of all backgrounds. It is estimated that 450 million people are suffering from mental problems worldwide. Irrespective of the cause, everyone should be aware that poor dental health impacts overall health. Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the level of oral health for people with different psychiatric illnesses in Maharashtra, to determine whether these people’s level of oral health correlates with other characteristics and to determine the extent of the issue with dental health and the best way to address it. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, ninetyeight patients receiving care at the Psychiatric department of Maharashtra, India, between April and May 2022 were included. A case history Performa was prepared to gather detailed information on all aspects. The oral examination was done by examining lymph nodes, lips, tongue, gums and tissue, saliva, natural teeth, oral cleanliness, and dental pain with a sterile mouth mirror and probe using Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT) for Dental Screening Modified from Kayser-Jones . Dental caries was reported using the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index. Furthermore, Helkimo’s TMJ Index was used to assess Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ). Descriptive statistics were used to observe frequency variation. Result: The participants patients mean age was 41.33±13.58 years, and their range of age was 21-65 years. The male to female ratio of the study population was 1:1.13. Sleep disorders (24.50%) and anxiety (22.40%) were the most prevalent psychiatric conditions impacting the research population. The oral health examination of the patients described changes in the oral cavity and associated factors, including lips, tongue, gums and tissues, saliva, natural teeth, oral cleanliness, and dental pain. 59.10% of the participants had moderate to severe TMJ dysfunction. The range of the DMFT score was 3 to 17 (mean 7.89±3.21). The participants’ TMJ Index score ranged from 0 to 17 (mean 5.51±4.48). More than half of the participants (59.10 %) had moderate to severe TMJ dysfunction. Conclusion: Maharashtra’s psychiatric patients have poor oral health conditions, highlighting the need for oral health education and expanding access to dental care for these patients.

Background: An orthodontic treatment focuses on improving an individual's facial esthetics and functional occlusion via improved chewing patterns, muscular power, increased force, and occlusal contact area through a more efficient masticatory function. Every decision made during orthodontics treatment will be influenced by the patient’s growth pattern and /or muscle strength. Objectives: To evaluate the gonial Angle in vertical, horizontal and average grower, to evaluate the hand grip strength in vertical, horizontal and average grower and to correlate between gonial angle with hand grip strength in vertical, horizontal and average growth pattern. Methodology: We will study a patient group undergoing orthodontics treatment with vertical, horizontal, and average growth patterns in the Orthodontics Department at Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital in Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha District. The calculated sample size of the study will be 196, under criteria 49 for vertical, 49 for horizontal, and 98 for the average growth pattern. Both male and female norms for the value are to be evaluated based on the value. Expected Results: Hand grip strength is to be compared between average, horizontal and vertical growers. Hand grip strength would be inferior in the large gonial angle group compared to the small gonial angle group. Gonial angle is the most conspicuous determining factor of Hand grip strength. Assessment of growth pattern has a vital role in diagnosis and treatment planning. Conclusion: In the present study it will be an attempt to analyze effectiveness of gonial angle in vertical, horizontal and average growth pattern patients compared with hand grip strength. Subject with large and small gonial angle groups using cephalometric radiograph shall be assessed with hand grip strength. A major finding of this study is that gonial angle is one of the key factors for the strength of Hand grips.