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Whether there is a relationship between economic growth and energy consumption and the direction of this relationship is of great importance in energy policy decision making in countries where the state plays an active role in energy markets. If there is a relationship from energy to growth, conservative policies such as energy taxes, energy-saving, and energy prices will hurt growth. There are many studies in the literature investigating the effects of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on the economic growth of countries. Since different data, periods, and methods were used in the studies, consensus could not be achieved. Therefore, this issue remains current and continues to be investigated. The main purpose of this study is to determine whether renewable energy consumption has a positive effect on economic growth for selected developing countries

Kazakhstan's export relies heavily on oil and other natural resources. Therefore, fluctuations in world oil prices have important consequences for Kazakhstan's economy. The effect of fluctuations in oil prices on the real exchange rate is very important for economies trying to develop other sectors as well as oil and natural gas sectors such as Kazakhstan. The purpose of this study is to examine the possible asymmetric relationships between oil prices and real effective exchange rate in Kazakhstan for the period January 2010-December 2020. For this purpose, the asymmetric causality analysis method developed by Hatemi-J and Roca (2014) was used in the study. In the study, it was studied with monthly data for the period from January 2010 to December 2020. According to the results of the study, there is a causality relationship from negative oil price shocks to negative real effective exchange rate shocks in Kazakhstan. However, what is interesting is that a causality relationship from positive shocks in oil prices to real effective exchange rate could not be found.

Complete and balanced nutrition with reliable food consists of the basis of health and protective health services. Therefore, the current study was carried out to determine the knowledge of food safety level and purchasing behavior of 668 consumers living both in Turkey (n=348) and in Kazakhstan (n=320) and to compare the results. Volunteered consumers for the research were given a face to face interview between March and September 2010. It was found that the knowledge of purchasing behavior (14.43±2.56) of food safety (20.82±4.20) of the consumers living in Turkey was higher compared to those living in Kazakhstan (11.84±2.92, 14.74±3.86 respectively) and that the difference between the two countries was statistically significant (p<0.01). In addition, a positive correlation was found between knowledge of food safety and purchasing behavior (r=0.541, p< 0.01); age and purchasing behavior (r=0.325, p< 0.01) and knowledge score of food safety (r=0.148, p< 0.01).