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Orientation: Literature is scanty on the euphoria around Ghana's electioneering activities and their impact on economic activities. Research purpose:This article studies electioneering activities and their impact on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE) returns.Motivation for the study: Literature have established that political risk is statistically significant in emerging stock markets and from 5 January to 7 December 2016, the GSE lost 23.47% of its trading values. Hence, this article finds it imperative to examine whether electioneering activities indeed have an impact on GSE.Research approach/design and method: Using daily data span from 5 January 2016 to 7 December, 2016. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound test approach to cointegration and Granger causality test was used to examine the data. Main findings:The result suggests that electioneering activity impact negatively on the GSE returns both in the short-run and long-run, but its cause is not clear. It impacts creates arbitrage opportunities for investors and may punish the political party in power.Practical/managerial implications: Political parties in power should recognize that electioneering activities creates a dilemma between regaining power or managing the economy.Contribution/value-add: Ghana's electioneering activities disproves some investment theories, that is, investors assume risk may not reflect their expected return since the stock market efficiency is nullified by arbitrage opportunity.

This paper investigates how to control cost of inventory by analyzing the impact of speculation in a dual-supply chain. Manufacturers' exploit both traditional channel and direct channel independently to deliver goods. A four view Markov chain model was used to formulate total cost performance, with replenishment of inventory in accordance to Poisson process. Our numerical calculations divulge these findings, in the long run; (i) increasing speculation with increasing foreign search rate, rises warehouse lost sales (ii) increasing speculation, increasing local and foreign search rate with increasing total cost components results in holding cost diminishing aiding collapse of manufactures' product, (iii) as local, foreign or both search rate increase; (a) holding cost at warehouse and retailer remains constant but diminishes in its percentage contribution to total cost, (b) lost sales cost at warehouse keeps rising, and (c) our proposed two-echelon dual-supply chain may perform better than single supply chain, and (iv) increasing local and foreign search rate against increasing total cost components, escalate total cost. According to the authors, the issue at hand is: speculation impact on total cost not only creates opportunities for manufacturers to expand their products and gain profit but also produces a hazardous side-effect for it can collapse the product.

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