Objective: To evaluate if the low postprandial C-peptide levels are clinically significant and would it relate to the risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Iraqi patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Forty-one patients with diabetes (28 male, 13 female)  were included, and eight non-diabetic tests were present in this study: HbAlc and 2 h. Post-prandial C-peptide levels were measured in all patients and control groups. Results: In subjects both NPDR and DMO, patients with DR showed lower levels of postprandial C-peptide and higher HbA1c percent. Regression analysis between postprandial C-peptide and DR showed that postprandial C-peptide was negatively associated with DR with odds ratio: (0.569, CI: 0.370- 0.872, p = 0.01) in Iraqi type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: Low postprandial C-peptide levels may predict NPDR and DMO in T2DM patients. Measuring the postprandial or non-fasting C peptide level offers uncomplicated and flexible testing for an outpatient or inpatient.

Several complications may be developed during infection with type 2 diabetes mellitus. One of the most is diabetic nephropathy, leading to end-stage renal disease in more than 30% of diabetes mellitus. Monocyte, which is derived from blood circulation to the tissue the maintains an inflammatory state. Several factors and chemokines regulate the activity of monocytes. One of them is Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) which is released by several adipocytes that help attract monocytes during inflammation. Patients and methods: the samples were collected from patients who attended diabetes and endocrinology center in Al-Sader Teaching Hospital in Najaf between January 2019 to April 2019. This study involves 300 subjects. One hundred fifty of them were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. According to their albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR), these patients were classified into three groups, including 50 patients with severe nephropathy, 50 patients with moderate nephropathy, and 50 patients with mild nephropathy. The control group involved 150 subjects who appeared healthy and the same age as the patients' group. Result:  a significant increase of MCP-1 level was found in patients with mild, moderate and severe diabetic patients compared with healthy control.