Chalazion is one of the most common eyelid masses seen by ophthalmologists in outpatient clinics. It presents with slowly growing painless cystic lesion affecting eyelids. Chalazion arises due to obstruction of the meibomian gland ducts leading to retained secretion. The exact incidence of chalazion is variable among the studies and it differs depending on certain predisposing factors. Many factors ae known to predispose to chalazion formation including hormonal changes during puberty and pregnancy, viral and bacterial infection, rosacea, exposure to air pollutants, poor eyelid hygiene, chronic blepharitis, seborrheic dermatitis, eyelid trauma, immune deficiency states, eyelid trauma, hyperlipidemia, tuberculosis, and leishmaniasis. This article will review these factors as well as the incidence of chalazion.

This study aimed to determine the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and to assess whether assisted reproductive technology (ART) is a risk factor for ROP independent of the generation of multiple births by determining the occurrence and severity of ROP and the need for treatment. We will also evaluate other risk factors associated with the development of ROP among preterm infants. Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review for all premature infants who were screened for ROP according to the screening guidelines of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and born at King Abdulaziz University Hospital from 2015 to 2019. In addition to ophthalmological results, data on gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW), type of pregnancy (singleton or multiple), type of conception (natural or ART), infantile factors, and maternal factors were recorded. Results: A total of 229 preterm babies met our criteria. The mean GA at birth was 29.35 weeks. Notably, 175 neonates were conceived naturally and 54 were conceived by ART. Furthermore, 33 infants in the natural conception group were products of multiple pregnancies, as were 49 infants in the ART group. ROP was noted in 96 of 229 infants (41.92%). No significant difference was found in the occurrence of ROP between multiple neonates in the natural and ART groups. However, ART birth babies in general were significantly associated with the development of ROP (P=0.045). On multiple regression analysis, early GA, low BW, and extended oxygen therapy were the variables most significantly associated with ROP (P≤0.001). Conclusion:In our sample, ART in multiple birth babies per se did not seem to be a risk factor for ROP. However, ART babies were more prone to develop ROP than natural conception birth babies, which seemed to be more severe.

Cataracts result in significant vision reduction. It is estimated that cataract was responsible for the morbidity of 10.8 million people (of overall 32.4 million blind people around the world), and 35.1 million people (of overall 191 million vision impaired people around the world). It is also the most common cause of blindness in many countries, including Saudi Arabia. We tried to understand, in details, the pathogenesis of cataracts, with special focus on how ageing is a contributory factor in its development. We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE from January 1970 to March 2017. The following search terms were used: cataracts, pathogenesis of cataracts, pathophysiology in cataracts, ageing lens, aging and vision loss, lens degeneration. Cataracts heavily impacts the vision, thereby, the lives of individuals suffering from it. Due to its large prevalence, the impact on economy is large too. Although surgery is very promising, newer approach is focusing on its pathophysiology to emphasize on preventive options. Several changes, including oxidative stress, reduction in reductive enzymes, lens elasticity, and specific age related degeneration play major roles in its pathophysiology.

Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a relatively uncommon, benign, histiocytic proliferative cutaneous disorder that typically affects children, with the head and neck being the most common sites. The present case report describes an isolated subcutaneous JXG in a 4-year-old girl who presented with a circumscribed oval mass located in the lower eyelid of the right eye. This lesion was histologically diagnosed as JXG after a surgical resection of the mass.

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