Earthquake is a natural phenomenon which has resisted the major efforts to tackle it. The major problems in earthquake management are inefficient communication, complex interaction as well as lack of coordination and prompt service delivery in advent of earthquake. Software agent based systems are more suitable alternative to the available technologies. In this paper, a formal approach is used in the designing and modeling of an agent-based earthquake management system using pi-calculus. Pi-calculus is justified for this work because of its capability to model concurrent and parallel systems. This approach facilitates in removing redundancy in information flow, low chances of errors in system development as well as understanding the execution paths for generating test cases. The services from the system are expected to be more reliable, autonomous, and adaptive in performing timely relief operations.

Disaster management systems are complex applications due to their distributed and decentralized nature. Various components execute in parallel with high need of coordination with each other. In such applications, interaction and communication issues are difficult to model and implement. In this paper, we have proposed agent-based Earthquake Management System (EMS) which is modeled and analyzed using formal approach. Traditionally, such systems undergo through various transformations starting from requirement models and specification to analysis, design and implementation. A variety of formal approaches are available to specify systems for analyzing their structure and behavior; however, there are certain limitations in using these techniques due to their expressiveness and behavior requirements. We have adopted combination of Pi-calculus and Pi-ADL formal languages to model EMS from analysis to design. The formal approach helps to enhance reliability and flexibility of the system by reducing the redundant information. It reduces chances of 98 S. Sadik et al. errors by explicitly mentioning working flow of information. Additionally, a prototype application is presented as proof of concept in EMS context. We have also evaluated our formal specification by using ArchWare and ABC tools; also, comparison of prototype application with major existing techniques is highlighted.

Examination of data from a variety of sources could be a very effective tool for needs elicitation and management (Franch, 2020) and an indigenously developed platform for learning purposes should not be excluded or ignored (Adewusi, Egbowon & Akindoju, 2021). With the use of natural language processing or machine learning in analysing, data are tough to grasp since they necessitate high-quality data and specialised knowledge from several domains, and more importantly, their generalisation remains a difficult task (Franch, 2020). Although data-driven approaches are becoming more prevalent in practically every aspect of software development and or engineering, the issue of requirement engineering is still not being addressed to ensure that designed software, particularly indigenous applications, is appropriate to the end-users such as parents, government and stakeholders in all educational sector all over the world. However many countries shut down their schools in a bid to avoid the spread of COVID-19. This Chapter examines Requirement Engineering in Learning Analytics (Machine Learning) in an Indigenously Designed Learning Platform using a Case Study Keywords: Requirement Engineering, Learning Analytics, Machine Learning