The development of bacteriuria and subsequent antibiotic resistance may be facilitated by infection with the parasite Schistosoma hematobium. This situation has been described in some African countries like Nigeria, Sudan and Congo. The present study aimed to assess the association of bacteriuria with Schistosoma haematobium infection in Ipogun, located in Ifedore Local Government, South-west, Ondo State, Nigeria. One hundred and nine (109) terminal urine samples were collected from inhabitants of the village and analyzed for the presence of bacteriuria and ova of Schistosoma haematobium via culture and microscopy respectively. Our findings revealed that 81 (74.31%) samples had bacteriuria and 42 (38.53%) were infected with Schistosoma haematobium. Of the 42 samples that were positive for schistosomiasis, 32 (76.19%) were associated with bacteriuria. Gram negative bacteria associated with co-infection of urine samples with schistosomiasis demonstrated a higher level of resistance to conventional antibiotics compared to bacteria isolated from single bacteriuria infection. Findings from the study highlight the role of Schistosoma haematobium in the perpetuation of antibiotic resistance in cases of co-infection with bacteriuria.

Background: Bacteria infection of the urinary tract, also known as "Urinary tract infections (UTIs)" are among the most common bacterial infections of humans. Uncomplicated urinary tract infections can be easily treated with antibiotics; however, there is a growing resistance to conventional antibiotics. This has also been reported among bacteria associated in co-infection of urinary schistosomiasis and bacteriuria. Objective: To assess the antibacterial efficacy of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Azadirachta indica and Syzygium guineense leaves against bacteria associated with urinary schistosomiasis. Methods: Fresh leaves of A. indica and S. guineense were air dried and extracted using sterile distilled water and ethanol. Phytochemical constituents of A. indica and S. guineense leaves were elucidated using standard techniques. Antibacterial assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the plant extracts against; bacteria isolated from urine samples with single infection of bacteriuria, bacteria isolated from urine samples with coinfection of urinary schistosomiasis and bacteriuria, and typed bacteria were also determined using standard methods. Results: Qualitatively, saponin, tannin, flavonoid, steroid, terpenoid and glycoside were present in all the plant extracts, while alkaloid and phlobatannin were absent in the extracts. Quantitatively, terpenoid was the highest bioactive compound in aqueous extract of A. indica (25.15 ± 0.04) and ethanol extract of S. guineense (51.16 ± 0.03), while saponin was the highest in the aqueous extract of S. guineense (72.09 ± 1.67) and ethanol extract of A. indica (220.82 ± 0.64). The MIC of the various plant extracts against all the isolates and typed bacteria ranged from 6.25 mg/mL -12.5 mg/mL, while the MBC ranged from 6.25 mg/mL -25 mg/mL. Conclusion: This study revealed the antibacterial candidature of A. indica and S. guineense on Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria isolated from urine.