Diaphragmatic injuries occur in 0.8%-8% of patients after blunt trauma. Although the diagnosis may be obvious at standard chest radiography or computed tomography (CT) in most situations, some more subtle signs require careful analysis of CT images and examination with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in some specific situations. Each method of imaging evaluation has advantages and pitfalls according to the type of diaphragmatic rupture. MR imaging with breath-hold acquisition permits good visualization of diaphragmatic abnormalities, but this technique cannot be performed in emergency situations. Because of a dramatic reduction in motion and beam-hardening artifacts and significant improvement of spatial resolution, especially along the z axis, helical CT and multisection CT allow better demonstration of the most subtle signs, such as a focal indentation of the liver or a right-sided collar sign. In addition, helical CT and multisection CT are useful tools in the evaluation of patients with multiple traumatic injuries.

Objective. To determine the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), macroscopic, and microscopic characteristics of synovial membrane inflammation, to study the relationship between disease severity and the degree of synovial inflammation on MRI and on macroscopic and microscopic examination, and to look for colocalization of chondral lesions and synovial inflammation.Methods. Thirty-nine patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) were classified into 2 groups according to the severity of cartilage lesions as revealed by chondroscopy. Group 1 (n ‫؍‬ 14) had mild cartilage lesion(s) without exposure of subchondral bone. Group 2 (n ‫؍‬ 25) had severe cartilage lesion(s) with focal or diffuse exposure of subchondral bone. Synovitis was evaluated on T1-weighted MRI sequences according to the degree of synovial thickening on a 4-point scale (ranging from 0 to 3) in 5 regions of interest. Synovial membrane was macroscopically scored, and biopsies were performed on the 5 preselected sites for histologic scoring.Results. The mean ؎ SD synovial thickening score on MRI was 1.55 ؎ 0.90, with no significant difference between groups 1 and 2. Intra-and interobserver reproducibility of the total synovial score was excellent, and interobserver reproducibility of the MRI grade was good. Conclusion. Synovitis may be present from the onset of OA and may be evaluated on MRI. MRI evaluation of synovitis could be used to classify OA patients in clinical trials and could help to identify those who could benefit from synovium-targeted therapy.Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent form of arthritis and a major cause of disability worldwide (1).

This study showed that Adaptive Iterative Dose Reduction (AIDR) reduces image noise. In a phantom image noise was reduced without altering spatial resolution. In patients AIDR reduced the image noise in lumbar spine CT. AIDR can potentially reduce the dose for lumbar spine CT by 52%.

Several postoperative complications associated with pain may develop in the stump of an amputated lower limb. Clinical findings are often nonspecific; however, radiologic evaluation, especially with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, is useful in the early diagnosis of these complications, thereby helping minimize physical disability with its psychologic and socioeconomic implications. Conventional radiography can demonstrate evidence of osseous origins of pain (eg, aggressive bone edge, heterotopic ossification, osteomyelitis) and should be the first imaging study performed after clinical examination. Videofluoroscopy can help evaluate improper prosthetic fit by demonstrating abnormal residual limb motion, piston action, rolling of soft tissues, and abnormal angle between the limb axis and the prosthesis during gait. Ultrasonography can demonstrate inflammatory changes in the stump as well as soft-tissue fluid collections. However, MR imaging is the modality of choice when clinical and other imaging findings are indeterminate. Because of its high spatial and contrast resolution, MR imaging can demonstrate subtle inflammatory changes, fluid collections, cancers, neuromas, and subtle traumatic bone lesions. Knowledge of various surgical and rehabilitation techniques is required for accurate diagnosis of complications associated with stump pain. Correct diagnosis allows choice of the most appropriate therapy, which may involve treating the stump, remodeling the prosthesis, or both.

Pain, weakness, and sensory loss occur frequently in the hypothenar eminence. However, clinical examination is difficult and nonspecific, and the prescribed imaging technique may be inadequate, or images may be misinterpreted. Different imaging modalities have various degrees of usefulness for the diagnosis of painful pathologic conditions of the hypothenar eminence. Radiography, multidetector computed tomography (CT), multidetector CT arthrography, and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the wrist are useful for surveying the anatomy of the hypothenar eminence, the Guyon canal, and the ulnar nerve and artery and for determining the cause of pain or other symptoms. A fracture of the pisiform bone or the hook of the hamate bone, osteoarthritis or osteochondromatosis of the pisotriquetral joint, Guyon canal syndrome, hypothenar hammer syndrome, tendinopathy of the flexor carpi ulnaris, an anomalous muscle, a ganglion cyst, or a tumor may be responsible for ulnar neuropathy. Specific radiographic views, such as the semisupinated oblique view and the lateral view with the hand radially deviated and the thumb abducted, often provide a sufficient basis for the diagnosis of acute fracture of the hook of the hamate or the pisiform bone. Multidetector CT angiography is an efficient method for diagnosing hypothenar hammer syndrome, and multidetector CT arthrography is well suited for evaluation of the pisotriquetral joint. MR imaging is the modality of choice for depiction of the ulnar nerve.