Based on a thorough review of the literature as well as floristic surveys undertaken over 20 years, a checklist of the bryophytes of Corsica, a mountainous western Mediterranean island, is presented. The occurrence of 17 liverwort and 44 moss species is documented for the first time from Corsica. As a result, the Corsican bryoflora includes 540 species: 148 liverworts, three hornworts and 389 mosses. Among the species reported, seven liverwort and 17 moss species are red-listed in Europe. By contrast with angiosperms, no bryophyte is endemic to the island based on traditional, phenetic species concepts. The number of new species reported here indicates that Corsica is exceedingly under-recorded bryologically. A better knowledge of the distribution, frequency and ecology of bryophyte species on the island is thus an absolute prerequisite in order to propose appropriate conservation measures in this Mediterranean environment that is, at least locally, severely threatened.KEYWORDS: Corsica, bryoflora, Mediterranean, island endemism. STUDY AREACorsica is a Mediterranean island of 8743 km 2 lying between 40u019 and 41u209 N and between 8u389 and 9u349E. It comprises two French departments, namely Corse-du-Sud (2A) and Haute-Corse (2B), both of which are included within UTM 32T. Corsica has been separated from the European continent, currently distant by 82 km, for at least 4 My. With an average elevation of 568 m, it is the most mountainous of the western Mediterranean islands.Geologically, Corsica comprises two contrasting rock formations that include acid rocks such as granites, rhyolites and gneiss in the western part of the island and more base rich alpine rocks (mica-schist, schist with gabbro and serpentine intrusions) in the east. These two main Journal of Bryology (2007) 29: 41-53 # British Bryological