Teachers who are in their first couple of years of teaching are vulnerable to leaving the profession at considerably high rates. Teacher retention rates are related to teachers' feelings of self-efficacy. This study examined the effect of the universal preventive intervention, the PAX Good Behavior Game (PAX GBG), on teachers' self-efficacy when delivered as professional development to practicing teachers. PAX GBG has demonstrated an effect on numerous student proximal and distal outcomes when implemented as classroombased prevention. However, the effects on teacher outcomes are less identified and researched as well as the reciprocal nature of teacher and student interactions during the implementation of a PAX GBG intervention. In this quasi-experimental design, practicing teachers reported significantly higher levels of self-efficacy after receiving training in PAX GBG suggesting the malleability of self-efficacy. The results were examined within the framework of the transactional model and demonstrate the need to further investigate teacher and student relationships and the related distal student outcomes as a result of increasing teacher self-efficacy.

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Sexual assault in the military has become a prominent societal concern. A recently released Department of Defence report on military sexual abuse concluded that sexual abuse continues to be a significant problem in the armed forces. To address this issue, systematic and cultural change, including training military personnel on sexual assault and the prevention and protection against sexual abuse, is needed. A study examining the effectiveness of a week-long workshop using the Gracie Defense Systems was conducted. The results suggest that Gracie training designed to empower military personnel to prevent and protect themselves against sexual abuse and teach sexual awareness was effective. The overall effects of the training (f2 = .41; large ES) appear to affect underlying constructs such as self-efficacy, self-determination, vigilance and vulnerability. In addition, differences were found between males and females prior to training (f2 = .44) and after training (f2 = .29) as well as differences between those who had prior self-defence training and those that did not have such training (f2 = .35). Recommendations include field testing and validating a measure that adequately examines self-efficacy, self-determination, vigilance and vulnerability as well as continued efforts to implement sexual abuse training throughout the military and improve policies.

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