Objectives: Oxygen-enhanced MRI (OE-MRI) or tissue oxygen-level dependent (TOLD) MRI is an imaging technique under investigation for its ability to quantify and map oxygen distributions within tumours. The aim of this study was to identify and characterise the research into OE-MRI for characterising hypoxia in solid tumours. Methods: A scoping review of published literature was performed on the PubMed and Web of Science databases for articles published before 27th May 2022. Studies imaging solid tumours using proton-MRI to measure oxygen induced T1/R1 relaxation time/rate changes were included. Grey literature was searched from conference abstracts and active clinical trials. Results: 49 unique records met the inclusion criteria consisting of 34 journal articles and 15 conference abstracts. The majority of articles were pre-clinical studies (31 articles) with 15 human only studies. Pre-clinical studies in a range of tumour types demonstrated consistent correlation of OE-MRI with alternative hypoxia measurements. No clear consensus on optimal acquisition technique or analysis methodology was found. No prospective, adequately powered, multicentre clinical studies relating OE-MRI hypoxia markers to patient outcomes were identified. Conclusions: There is good preclinical evidence of the utility of OE-MRI in tumour hypoxia assessment however there are significant gaps in clinical research that need to be addressed to develop OE-MRI into a clinically applicable tumour hypoxia imaging technique. Advances in knowledge: The evidence base of OE-MRI in tumour hypoxia assessment is presented along with a summary of the research gaps to be addressed to transform OE-MRI derived parameters into tumour hypoxia biomarkers.

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Oxygen enhanced MRI (OE-MRI) is a proposed tumour hypoxia imaging technique that is yet to be widely applied in the head and neck. 7 participants, 3 with suspected head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) were scanned using 3D spoiled GRE-DIXON. After on air scans, oxygen was delivered via a non-rebreather mask. T1 times were determined on in-phase images. Oxygenation led to statistically significant T1 shortening in CSF, thyroid and neck nodes. OE-MRI shows promise in identifying hypoxic regions in the head and neck. Further work investigating the feasibility of OE-MRI to detect hypoxic regions in HNSCC is warranted.