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BiochemistryExpression in Xenopus oocytes of rat liver mRNA coding for a bile salt-dependent cholesteryl ester hydrolase (pancreatic cholesteryl esterase/neutral cholesteryl esterase/sodium cholate)

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Observational studies suggest diets high in whole grains (WG) may confer metabolic benefits over diets based on refined grains (RG) for overweight/obese individuals, thus preventing the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However clinical data have been inconclusive, in part due to metabolic heterogeneity. Therefore, we investigated a WG and RG diet in individuals at high risk (HR) or low risk (LR) of developing T2D based on 1 hour glycemic level during an OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test). We conducted a double-blind randomized crossover trial in 15 overweight/obese adults. Participants were administered a 4 hour, 75g OGTT and stratified as HR or LR of developing T2D (HR: 1 hour OGTT glucose (GLU) ≥155 mg/dl; LR: 1 hour OGTT GLU <155 mg/dl). Isocaloric WG and RG diets were provided for two 8 week periods with 10 week washout. Macronutrients were matched except for WG or RG (50g/1000 kcal). Fifteen subjects completed the trial, 10 HR (38±3 years, 33±2 kg/m2, 1 hour OGTT GLU 201±8 mg/dl) and 5 LR (38±4 years, 35±2 kg/m2, 1 hour OGTT GLU 126±5 mg/dl). Groups differed only by 1 hour OGTT (p<0.05). Weight loss was similar but only HR reached statistical significance (-2.1 kg, p<0.05). HR-WG improved insulin sensitivity (Matsuda Index, +21%, p<0.05). Further, HR-RG had a significant negative association between change in BMI and Matsuda Index vs. WG (r2=0.41, p<0.01). LR-RG reduced GLU clearance (iAUC 180 minutes, +27%, p<0.05 vs. WG). In agreement, LR-RG increased OGTT insulin (iAUC p<0.05 at 120, 180 and 240 minutes) and c-peptide (iAUC p<0.05 at 60 and 120 minutes). Interestingly, 1 hour OGTT GLU predicted change in waist circumference in WG (n=15, r2=0.36, p=0.02), suggesting those with more impaired GLU tolerance may acquire greater benefit from WG. We observed differential effects of a WG and RG diet in overweight/obese adults. These data suggest a WG diet may improve measures of glucose metabolism in individuals at high risk of developing T2D, whereas a RG diet may impair glucose metabolism in lower risk individuals. Disclosure J.T. Mey: None. A. Hari: None. J. Godin: Employee; Self; Nestlé. Employee; Spouse/Partner; Nestlé. A. Ross: None. J.P. Kirwan: None.

Alkylresorcinols (AR) are phenolic lipids in the bran fraction of some whole grains (wheat, rye and barley). Plasma AR reflect recent intake of these whole grains. We examined the cross‐sectional associations between plasma AR (measured by LCMS/MS), whole wheat intake, and body mass index (BMI) in 407 free‐living older adults (166 men and 241 women; 60–81y; mean BMI 27.9 kg/m2). After adjustment for total cholesterol and triglyceride, median plasma AR across quartile categories of AR were 5, 13, 28, and 62 nmol/L, respectively. Whole grain wheat (servings/d) and bran (g/d) intakes were estimated using a semi‐quantitative FFQ. Spearman correlation coefficients between plasma AR and whole grain wheat and bran were 0.34 and 0.28, respectively. Age and sex adjusted geometric mean daily whole wheat intakes in the lowest and highest quartile categories of plasma AR were 0.4 and 1.1 servings (P‐trend <0.0001). Without inclusion of added bran, whole grain intake (g/d) was weakly correlated with plasma AR (r = 0.12, P<0.0001). After adjustment for lifestyle and dietary covariates, mean BMI values in the lowest and highest quartile category of plasma AR were 27.8 and 26.7 kg/m2, respectively (P‐trend 0.03). Our study confirms the observed inverse relationship between whole grain intake and BMI using an independent biomarker of whole grain wheat intake.Grant Funding Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, under Cooperative Agreement 58‐1950‐7‐707, the National Institutes of Health (AG14759 and HL69272)