Coccolithophores, single-celled marine phytoplankton, play a unique role in the marine carbon cycle because their primary production contributes to both the operation of the carbonate counter pump and the biological organic carbon pump during their lifecycle. There is considerable interest in understanding their past role in the carbon cycle and how their growth and calcification may have been affected by changing oceanographic conditions and changing CO 2 availability (e.g.,

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 High-resolution coccolithophore record reveal upwelling-related primary productivity variations not previously described.  Multiproxy integration allows the assessment of the control by major atmospheric circulation changes at orbital and suborbital timescales.  Reductions in surface productivity during abrupt cold episodes is the result of upwelling limitation by hydrological changes.

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