Different microRNAs (miRNAs), including miR-29 family, may play a role in the development of heart failure (HF), but the underlying molecular mechanisms in HF pathogenesis remain unclear. We aimed at characterizing mice deficient in miR-29 in order to address the functional relevance of this family of miRNAs in the cardiovascular system and its contribution to heart disease. In this work, we show that mice deficient in miR-29a/b1 develop vascular remodeling and systemic hypertension, as well as HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) characterized by myocardial fibrosis, diastolic dysfunction, and pulmonary congestion, and die prematurely. We also found evidence that the absence of miR-29 triggers the up-regulation of its target, the master metabolic regulator PGC1α, which in turn generates profound alterations in mitochondrial biogenesis, leading to a pathological accumulation of small mitochondria in mutant animals that contribute to cardiac disease. Notably, we demonstrate that systemic hypertension and HFpEF caused by miR-29 deficiency can be rescued by PGC1α haploinsufficiency, which reduces cardiac mitochondrial accumulation and extends longevity of miR-29–mutant mice. In addition, PGC1α is overexpressed in hearts from patients with HF. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the in vivo role of miR-29 in cardiovascular homeostasis and unveil a novel miR-29/PGC1α regulatory circuitry of functional relevance for cell metabolism under normal and pathological conditions.

Ageing is a complex biological process characterized by the progressive loss of biological fitness due to the accumulation of macromolecular and cellular damage that affects most living organisms. Moreover, ageing is an important risk factor for many pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, and cancer. However, the ageing rate can be modulated by genetic, nutritional, and pharmacological factors, highlighting the concept of "ageing plasticity". Progeroid syndromes are a group of rare genetic diseases that resemble many characteristics of physiological ageing. Accordingly, studies on these diseases have been very useful for gaining mechanistic insights in ageing biology. In recent years, a great effort has been made in ageing research and several works have confirmed that geromiRs, the growing subgroup of miRNAs implicated in ageing, are able to modulate organismal lifespan. However, very little is still known about the impact of miRNA in premature ageing. In this review, we will address the functional relevance of this class of small non-coding RNAs in the regulation of the hallmarks of progeroid syndromes. In addition, we will discuss the potential strategies for managing progeria based on geromiR modulation.

Nowadays, the study of cell metabolism is a hot topic in cancer research. Many studies have used 2D conventional cell cultures for their simplicity and the facility to infer mechanisms. However, the limitations of bidimensional cell cultures to recreate architecture, mechanics, and cell communication between tumor cells and their environment, have forced the development of other more realistic in vitro methodologies. Therefore, the explosion of 3D culture techniques and the necessity to reduce animal experimentation to a minimum has attracted the attention of researchers in the field of cancer metabolism. Here, we revise the limitations of actual culture models and discuss the utility of several 3D culture techniques to resolve those limitations.

Background: Diabetic men are less likely to suffer prostate cancer, and insulin signalling through insulin receptors has been long considered. However, the role of insulin-dependent glucose transporters has yet to be elucidated. The unique metabolic properties of prostate cancer are attributed to the central role of androgens. Androgen-sensitive tumour cells have higher mitochondrial activity, while castration-resistant cells exhibit aerobic glycolysis. In addition, to glycolysis, one of the hallmarks of cancer metabolism is increased glucose uptake. However, the prostate's oncogenic value of glucose transporters (GLUTs) needs to be better characterized. This research aims to discover the relevance of insulin-dependent glucose transporters to cancer progression and their importance in the protective role of diabetes in prostate cancer. Methods: Androgen-sensitive LNCaP and androgen-insensitive PC-3 cells were used in vitro. Castration-resistant LNCaP-R cells and cells overexpressing GLUT1 or GLUT4 were established from LNCaP cell line. In addition, TRAMP (Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate) mice and prostatic samples from patients were employed. Results: We found that androgens stimulate insulin-independent glucose transporters, while androgen independence is associated with GLUT4 overexpression. The ectopic overexpression of GLUT4 promotes the characteristics of a castration-resistant phenotype. Metabolomics confirmed that hormone-resistant prostate cancer cells show an oxidative metabolism with a clear enrichment in amino acid metabolism. Diabetic TRAMP mice showed total tumour regression, while insulin administration restored proliferation and recovered GLUT4 levels. The levels of GLUT4 increase along with tumour progression in TRAMP mice, and it is reduced by castration and streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Finally, the levels of GLUT4 accumulation in tumour tissues compared to normal epithelial in patients' samples showed a clear co-location with nuclear AR. Conclusion: Here it is confirmed the relevance of insulin-mediated glucose uptake through GLUT4 with prostate cancer progression and its relation to the reduced occurrence of prostate cancer in diabetic men.