This paper, by critically reviewing different years (from 2010 to 2020) of research activities performed with Mobile Laser Scanning system, aims to review existing systems and how they are exploited in multifaceted domains. To such extent, the work defines five field domains where Mobile Laser Scanning have been used: Built and urban environment, Cultural heritage and Archaeology, Underground environment, Environmental monitoring, Forestry and Agriculture. Besides, this paper sheds the light on the pros and cons for each domain field, providing useful guidelines for those researchers involved in three-dimensional data collection with innovative systems. To achieve these purposes, research papers, were analysed, mainly considering geosciences related journals. The comparison among them revealed that, despite the incredible potential of Mobile Mapping System, the human intervention is still mandatory, and post-processing actions are needed to achieve the desired results, regardless the domain field. Moreover, our study provides insight into the technical and methodological limitations that raise a general scepticism on Mobile Mapping System for three-dimensional surveying, highlighting that in most of cases supplementary data are required to make the final result trustworthy. Such obstacles, hampering Mobile Laser Scanning diffusion, point towards unexplored areas for further investigations, serving as useful guidelines for future research directions.

In the last decades, the use of information management systems in the building data processing led to radical changes to the methods of data production, documentation and archiving. In particular, the possibilities, given by these information systems, to visualize the 3D model and to formulate queries have placed the question of the information sharing in digital format. The integration of information systems represents an efficient solution for defining smart, sustainable and resilient projects, such as conservation and restoration processes, giving the possibilities to combine heterogeneous data. GIS provides a robust data storage system, a definition of topological and semantic relationships and spatial queries. 3D GIS makes possible the creation of threedimensional model in a geospatial context. To promote the interoperability of GIS data, the present research aims first to analyse methods of conversion in CityGML and IndoorGML model, defining an ontological domain. This has led to the creation of a new enriched model, based on connections among the different elements of the urban model in GIS environment, and to the possibility to formulate queries based on these relations. The second step consists in collecting all data translated into a specific format that fill a graph database in a semantic web environment, while maintaining those relationships. The semantic web technology represents an efficient tool of interoperability that leaves open the possibility to import BIM data in the same graph database and to join both GIS and BIM models. The outcome will offer substantial benefits during the entire project life cycle. This methodology can also be applied to cultural heritage where the information management plays a key role.

Abstract. This paper aims to develop a strategy for architectural knowledge modeling in order to actively support the built heritage conservation process by fostering collaboration among stakeholders and interoperability between datasets. The integration of two modeling systems, one ontology-based and one in BIM environment, seems to be the right way to meet this objective: the former is rather exhaustive to represent the semantic contents of conservation activities, especially non-geometrical data, the latter is absolutely suitable to represent the logic of the construction, above all geometrical-constructive aspects typical of any architectural organism. Thus, this study proposes a side-by-side approach to synchronize these different ways of representing reality by managing the complexity of cultural heritage on the one hand and of technology tools, such as information systems, on the other. The proposed methodology was tested on the city walls of San Ginesio (Macerata, Italy) and included different steps considering the in-use technologies (notably geomatics and information technologies) as key enablers to acquire, hierarchically order, model and enrich the knowledge of that heritage site. The result is a knowledge-led strategy moving from survey to HBIM implementation, as a way to enhance representation and management in architectural heritage processes.

Historical villages represent a highly vulnerable cultural heritage; their preservation can be ensured thanks to technological innovations in the field of geomatics and information systems. Among these, Geographical Information Systems (GISs) allow exploiting heterogeneous data for efficient vulnerability assessment, in terms of both time and usability. Geometric attributes, which currently are mainly inferred by visual inspections, can be extrapolated from data obtained by geomatic technologies. Furthermore, the integration with non-metric data ensures a more complete description of the post-seismic risk thematic mapping. In this paper, a high-performance information system for small urban realities, such as historical villages, is described, starting from the 3D survey obtained through the integrated management of recent innovative geomatic sensors, such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLSs), and 360º images. The results show that the proposed strategy of the automatic extraction of the parameters from the GIS can be generalized to other case studies, thus representing a straightforward method to enhance the decision-making of public administrations. Moreover, this work confirms the importance of managing heterogeneous geospatial data to speed up the vulnerability assessment process. The final result, in fact, is an information system that can be used for every village where data have been acquired in a similar way. This information could be used in the field by means of a GIS app that allows updating the geospatial database, improving the work of technicians. This approach was validated in Gabbiano(Pieve Torina), a village in Central Italy affected by earthquakes in 2016 and 2017.

Historic villages are included in the category of cultural heritage to be safeguarded and preserved. Accidental events, such as earthquakes, represent a threat to their vulnerability. Usually, the analyses of damaged buildings, which are part of these villages, are then carried out singularly, not fostering instead the constitution of a mapping at the urban scale that allows a more complete knowledge of the state of damage and risk of adjacent buildings and of the entire area. An information system such as 3D GIS is a suitable solution for this purpose. The aim of this research is to develop a SMART management system for preservation activities of historical villages through the management of heterogeneous types of data, from the survey to the technical documentation. The workflow is structured as follows: (i) Data acquisition: the survey of a small village was carried out by combining geomatic techniques necessary to produce a complete point cloud; (ii) 3D modeling: data extrapolation from the post-processed point cloud and subsequently generation of a GIS based on 3D model thanks to the creation of DTM and DSM of the area of interest; (iii) Knowledge modeling: a geospatial information model is necessary to put in order and together all the information collected for the whole village and for each building composing it; (iv) SMART management modeling: improvement of the information management system that guarantees the possibility to enrich and update data at any time. This research paves the way to develop a web platform where GIS data would be imported for a digital twin approach.