Background: Extra-intestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are widely studied. Oral manifestations are manifold, miscellaneous, and hardly detected by general practitioners and gastroenterologists. Objectives: The main purpose of this systematic review is to find all the possible correlations between inflammatory bowel disease and the oral cavity in order to underline the importance of multidisciplinary cooperation with dental care providers, and to secure better treatments for patients. Materials and methods: Articles were searched up to June 2019 through Ebsco’s, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases. The search terms included IBD, oral manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease, oral manifestations of Crohn’s disease or Ulcerative colitis, an extra-intestinal manifestation of IBD, oral Crohn’s disease, and paediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Discussion: The prevalence of the oral manifestation of IBD ranges from 0.7% to 37% in adults and from about 7% to 23% in children. They can be divided into specific manifestations (cobblestoning mucosa, mucosal tags, cheilitis granulomatosa, pyostomatitis vegetans) and nonspecific manifestations (halitosis, dysphagia, aphthous ulcerations, deep oral fissuring, cheilitis angularis, taste changes, lichen planus). Moreover, the link between IBD and the higher prevalence of dental caries and periodontitis have also been studied. Conclusions: The presence of oral manifestations that precede or follow intestinal symptoms of IBD, must be taken into serious consideration from both gastroenterologists and dentists in order to allow for early diagnosis and improve patients’ quality of life.

IntroductionCervical cancer causes 15% of deaths from cancer in women worldwide. Epidemiological data indicate the sexually transmitted high oncogenic risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) 16 and 18 as aetiological agents. 1,2 In particular, the expression of the viral E6 and E7 oncoproteins appears to contribute to malignant progression. Consequently, great efforts have been directed towards designing therapeutic vaccines against HPV-induced cervical carcinoma by using the HPV16/18 E6 and E7 proteins as tumour-associated antigens. 3,4 However, the time when a vaccine will have an impact on the prevalence of papillomavirus-induced dysplasia and cancer seems to be still some way off. 5 For example, a successful papillomavirus vaccine strategy should evoke CTL able to recognize antigenic fragments of internal viral proteins. Therefore, a reason for the failure of the immune system to control HPV infection may also reside in the scarce antigenicity, that is, scarce 'non-self ' character, of the viral peptides exhibited by the MHC groove.The ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules is an important property in maintaining tissue/organism integrity. Breakage of this selftolerance is one of the main bases for autoimmune diseases. 6,7 However, the tolerance mechanisms used to prevent autoimmune destruction could be the main basis through which tumour-associated-antigens escape from functional antigenspecific immune recognition. To gain a better understanding of the recognition of HPV protein antigens by the immune system, we have analysed the sharing of amino acid (aa) motifs between human 'self ' molecular determinants and the HPV16 E7 oncoprotein by similarity sequence studies. Materials and MethodsThe analysed HPV16 E7 oncoprotein sequence was as reported by Seedorf et al. 8 (Medline accession no. K02718). As controls, we analysed the sequences of the following proteins: (i) small t antigen (SWISS-PROT accession no. P03081) from simian virus 40 (SV40); (ii) the non-structural protein NS2A (Medline U89339) from yellow fever virus (YFV); and (iii) three fragments from the haemagglutininneuramidase (HN) protein (EMBL accession no. X79092) from Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The three polypeptide fragments from the haemagglutinin-neuramidase protein were approximately 33 aa long each, for a total of 100 aa, and were spaced at almost regular intervals along the entire protein sequence. The fragments were: aa 176-208, fragment 1; aa 337-369, fragment 2; and aa 467-499, fragment 3. Sequence similarity analyses were conducted by using the MEDLINE, FASTA, BLAST, PIR, SWISS-PROT and PRINTS sequence analysis programs. 9-11 The SYFPEITHI program (http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/uni/kxi/) was used as database of HLA ligands and peptide motifs. 12 ResultsMolecular mimicry is defined as similar motifs/structures shared by molecules from dissimilar genes or by their protein products. 13 To investigate the molecular mimicry between HPV16 E7 oncoprotein sequence and human proteoma, a systematic study of...

Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals are physiologically produced during cellular metabolism. When their balance is disrupted in favor of ROS, a condition called oxidative stress occurs. Oxidative stress represents a widespread phenomenon involved in several pathological conditions. The aim of the present review was to report current knowledge on oxidative stress related to oral mucosal diseases. Materials and Methods: Articles from 2000 to 2018 were selected for relevance, validity and quality, from results obtained in PubMed, MEDLINE and Google Scholar using the following search terms: oxidative stress and oral lichen, oral pemphigus, aphthous stomatitis, oral leukoplakia, oral cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral carcinoma. All articles were independently screened for eligibility by the authors. Results: This narrative review integrates extensive information from all relevant published studies focusing on oxidative stress in oral mucosal diseases. We outline the pathogenetic function of oxidative stress in the most frequent inflammatory, potentially malignant and malignant diseases of the oral mucosa and provide detailed findings from human research. Conclusion: Although variability in findings between individual studies exists, it justifies the conclusion that oxidative stress is a significant process in the oral mucosal diseases pathogenesis.

Background. The world population is aging. This phenomenon is accompanied by an increase in the number of elderly with dementia, whose oral hygiene care is a challenge. Objective. This paper presents a literature review of oral health status and the need for oral care in people with dementia, as compared to people without dementia and also of the relationship between periodontal disease and cognitive impairment. Methods. A systematic review was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library. Fifty-six articles met the inclusion criteria and were consequently included for quality assessment and data extraction. Results. No significant differences were found between both groups with regard to the number of present teeth, DMFT Index, edentulousness/use of denture, and orofacial pain. Coronal/root caries and retained roots were more common in people with dementia than in those without dementia. Most of the participants with dementia presented gingival bleeding or inflammation and they suffered from the periodontal disease more than people without dementia. Conclusions. Poor oral health is a common condition among the elderly with dementia. The education process of caregivers might improve the oral health status of people with dementia. Finally, periodontal disease might contribute to the onset or progression of dementia.

Lichen planus is an inflammatory mucocutaneous disorder. Skin, oral and genital mucosal surfaces, scalp, and nails can be affected. Its development is chronic, with a possible malignant degeneration. Spontaneous remission is rare. Although the etiology of oral lichen planus is still unclear, there is evidence that it is a complex immunologic disease mediated by cytotoxic cells directed against basilar keratinocytes and resulting in vacuolar degeneration and lysis of basal cells. In long-standing, atrophic and erosive forms, the treatment is usually aimed at relieving pain and may include immunosuppressive agents, especially corticosteroid, topical cyclosporin, or tacrolimus, topical and systemic retinoids. However, the use of these drugs may be accompanied by several side effects. For this reason clinicians, currently, have focused their attention to new biological agents which provide selective immunological results with less side effects than generic immunosupressants.