The occasional feeding on plants by Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) has produced different responses on its biology according to the plant species available. This study was undertaken to determine the development and reproduction of P. nigrispinus when confined on Gossypium hirsutum cv. Precocious CNPA1 and processing tomato Lycopersicum esculentum cv. IPA5 plants, using Tenebrio molitor (L.) pupa as prey. Nymphs and adults of P. nigrispinus were provided with prey and plants of cotton, prey and plant of tomato, prey and water, and only the prey. The predator could access the plants by caging nymphs and prey on plant leaves cultivated in pots. Nymphs caged on cotton or tomato plants with prey showed shorter duration of second and fifth ínstars. However, the shortest development period was observed for nymphs caged on cotton plants with prey. Nymphs fed on prey alone had lower survival within each ínstar and for the whole stage when compared to nymphs accessing plant, prey and water. The availability of cotton plants to nymphs produced heavier individuals compared to tomato plants, prey and water, and only prey. The adult weight at emergence was similar between plants and prey plus water, and superior to the treatment with prey alone. However, females of P. nigrispinus with access to the prey and cotton plant and prey and water showed significant body weight increase at the beginning of the reproductive activity, while females confined on tomato plants and only on prey did not range their weight during their lives. The availability of cotton and tomato plants to P. nigrispinus increased the number of eggs produced and adult longevity; moreover the former plant promoted higher oviposition frequency. Based on the results on net reproduction rate, intrinsic rate of increase and generation time, calculated for P. nigrispinus, the populations improved according to the plant species available and showed better response when confined with prey on cotton plants, followed by tomato plants. Also, insects fed on water plus prey developed better than those fed only on the prey.
Este trabalho estudou o desenvolvimento ninfal, a reprodução e a taxa de predação de Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) alimentados ou não com lagartas de Alabama argillacea (Huebner) em plantas de algodão no campo. Ninfas e adultos do predador foram confinadas em folhas de algodão sem alimentação ou alimentadas com duas lagartas de 70±10 mg oferecidas em intervalos de 1, 3 e 6 dias. O desenvolvimento ninfal de P. nigrispinus, exceto no terceiro ínstar, aumentou com o intervalo de alimentação. Ninfas sem alimento atingiram o terceiro ínstar com sobrevivência de 16,7% e 100% de mortalidade posteriormente. Com alimentação diária e a cada três dias, a sobrevivência de ninfas de P. nigrispinus foi maior que 60% e superior àquelas com alimentação a cada seis dias. A predação de lagartas por ninfas alimentadas diariamente foi 12,7 e 13,2 lagartas predadas por indivíduos que originaram machos e fêmeas, respectivamente, e de 54,7 lagartas por fêmea na fase adulta. Fêmeas, com alimentação diária, apresentaram maior fecundidade, porém com períodos de pré-oviposição, de reprodução e de longevidade semelhantes entre todos os intervalos de alimentação. O fornecimento diário de duas lagartas excedeu a taxa diária de predação de ninfas e adultos, que foi de 0,7 e 1,1 lagartas por dia, respectivamente. Intervalos de alimentação de três e seis dias afetaram o desenvolvimento e reprodução de P. nigrispinus.
The predation rate of unmated and mated females of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) was evaluated on different densities of Alabama argillacea (Huebner) caterpillars (50 ± 10 mg), in laboratory and field conditions. In the laboratory, the predator females were maintained in 500 ml plastic jars with five different densities of prey (one, two, four, eight, and 16). In the field, caterpillars at the same densities were caged on flowering cotton plants. Under both conditions, females gained weight and increased the predation rate when the availability of prey increased, although higher values were obtained for females kept in the laboratory. Weight gain and predation rate did not differ between unmated and mated females under both conditions. In the field, P. nigrispinus searched 94.7% of the available foliar area under low prey density, and 21.2% under high prey density. The estimated handling time and attack rate were, respectively, 3.37 ± 0,82h and 0.076 ± 0.013h -1 in the laboratory, and 3.33 ± 0.93h and 0.017 ± 0.003h -1 in the field. The functional response corresponded to a type II for both conditions. The number of killed caterpillars observed and estimated by the model were highly correlated for both laboratory (r = 0.78) and field (r = 0.70) conditions. KEY WORDS: Biological control, stinkbug predator, cotton leafworm, functional response, Alabama argillacea.RESUMO -Avaliou-se a taxa de predação de fêmeas virgens ou acasaladas de Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) em diferentes densidades de lagartas de Alabama argillacea (Huebner) em condições de laboratório e de campo. Em laboratório, empregaram-se potes plásticos de 500 ml contendo fêmeas do predador, uma folha de algodão e lagartas de A. argillacea (50 ± 10 mg) nas densidades de uma, duas, quatro, oito e 16 lagartas. No campo, algodoeiros na fase de florescimento foram engaiolados, sendo empregadas as mesmas densidades de lagartas que no laboratório. Em ambas as condições, as fêmeas de P. nigrispinus apresentaram ganho de peso e aumento de sua taxa de predação com o aumento da densidade de lagartas de A. argillacea, mas com valores maiores para fêmeas em laboratório. Nas duas condições, o ganho de peso e a taxa de predação foram semelhantes para fêmeas virgens ou acasaladas. No campo, P. nigrispinus explorou 94,7% e 21,2% da área foliar disponível na menor e maior densidade de presas, respectivamente. O tempo de manipulação e a taxa de ataque estimadas foram de 3,37 ± 0,82h e de 0,076 ± 0,013h -1 em laboratório, e de 3,33 ± 0,93h e de 0,017 ± 0,003h -1 em campo. A resposta funcional em laboratório e no campo foi caracterizada como do Tipo II. Os números observados e estimados de lagartas predadas pelo modelo foram significativamente correlacionados com as condições de laboratório (r = 0,78) e de campo (r = 0,70). PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Controle biológico, percevejo predador, curuquerê-do-algodoeiro, resposta funcional, Alabama argillacea.
RESUMOA Mata Atlântica vem, há séculos, sofrendo intervenções em decorrência do plantio de cana-de-açúcar. O presente trabalho objetivou verificar a influência da cana-de-açúcar pós-colheita sobre as populações de formigas epigeicas em contraste com áreas remanescentes de Mata Atlântica. As formigas foram capturadas com armadilhas pitfall e mediante coleta de serapilheira. Foram coletados 17.643 indivíduos, distribuídos em 111 espécies, sendo 81 espécies na Mata Atlântica e 47 espécies em cana-de-açúcar. Devido a Mata nativa ter apresentado maior diversidade de espécies do que a cultura de cana-de-açúcar, conclui-se que a monocultura e as práticas culturais interferiram negativamente na composição, diversidade, abundância e no número de indivíduos por espécie, na comunidade de formigas epigeicas.Palavras-chave: Agroecologia, biodiversidade, Formicidae, formigas de solo Diversity of soil ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in dense Atlantic Forest and sugarcane plantations in the County of Igarassu-PE ABSTRACTThe rainforest, for centuries has been suffering interventions due to sugarcane plantation. The present work aimed to evaluate the influence of sugarcane after harvest over soil ant populations in contrast with areas of remaining rainforest. Ants were collected with pitfall traps and direct from the litter. A total of 17.643 individuals were collected, distributed in 111 species, being 81 species of the rainforest and 47 species in the sugarcane. Native forest showed greater diversity of species compared to sugarcane crop, which permit to conclude that the monoculture and the cultural practice alter the composition, diversity, richness and number of individuals per species in the community of soil ants.
Survey and Faunistic Analysis of the Family Scolytidae (Coleoptera) in Five ForestCommunities in the State of Paraná Ambrosia beeties are common insects present in the butt log of injured, weakened, dead or recently feli trees. This study aimed to characterize five forestry communities in relation to the species of the fainily Scolytidae. Twenty window traps baited with ethanol were installed ai 0.5 and 1.3 m height in each of the foliowing forest communities: Pinus taeda L., P. elliottii Engelman, Araucaria angustifolia (Bert) O. Kunt, Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden and the native forest. To characterize the communities, ecological indexes were used. Fifiy-two species were identffied belonging to 17 genera. The predominant species were Hypothenemur eruditus West'vvod, H. obscurus F., H. bolivianus (Eggers),XyleborusgracilisEichlioff,Xferrugineus F. andX biseriatus Schedl. The native foresi areashowed the greatest diversiflcation ofbeetle species. P. taeda and P. elliottiz were similar in terms of quality and quantity of common species.
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