ResumenCon el objetivo de encontrar alternativas para el manejo de patógenos que provocan enfermedades en el sistema radical de las plantas se evaluó el efecto in vitro de bacterias antagonista del género Bacillus aisladas de la rizosfera y de extractos etanolicos de plantas de las especies Larrea tridentata, Flourensia cernua, Opuntia ficus-indica, Agave lechuguilla y Yucca filifera endémicas del desierto Chihuahuense contra el fitopatógeno Rhizoctonia solani. Las bacterias se obtuvieron de la forma esporulada, una suspensión de suelo se calentó 15 min 80 °C para eliminar formas no esporuladas. Los extractos vegetales se obtuvieron por infusión. Como resultado se encontró que las cepas de Bacillus aislados presentan un efecto antagonista in vitro sobre la inhibición micelial de Rhizoctonia solani desde 40 a 67%. La caracterización por secuenciación del gen 16S del ADNr se determinó que los aislamientos pertenecen a las especies de B. subtilis, B. pumilus y a B. atrophaeus, quienes están reportadas con efecto antagónico sobre organismos fitopatógenos. Para el caso de los extractos se encontró un efecto en la inhibición micelial hasta 100% en su mayoría todos los extractos inhibieron el crecimiento del micelio de R. solani al 100% excepto el extracto de Y. filifera que solo tuvo 46% con la dosis más alta evaluada (3 000 ppm). Los extractos de F. cernua muestran que a 160 ppm de polifenoles totales se inhibe completamente a R. solani. AbstractIn order to find alternatives for pathogen management causing diseases in the root system of plants, was evaluated the in vitro effect of antagonistic bacteria of the genus Bacillus isolated from rhizosphere and from ethanolic extracts of plants species Larrea tridentata, Flourensia cernua, Opuntia ficus-indica, Agave lechuguilla and Yucca filifera, that are endemic from the Chihuahua desert against plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Bacteria were obtained as spore form; a soil suspension was heated for 15 min at 80 °C to remove non-sporulating forms. Plant extracts were obtained by infusion. As a result it was found that strains of Bacillus isolates have an in vitro antagonistic effect on mycelia inhibition of Rhizoctonia solani from 40 to 67%. The characterization 16S rDNA gene sequencing determined that the isolates belong to the species of B. subtilis, B. pumilus and B. atrophaeus, that are reported with antagonistic effect on plant pathogenic organisms. In the case of extracts, an effect on mycelial inhibition of up to 100% was found; most extracts inhibited micelial growth of R. solani at 100% except for Y. filifera extract that only obtained 46% with the highest dose evaluated (3 000 ppm). F. cernua extracts show that at 160 ppm of total polyphenols completely inhibited R. solani.Keywords: Rhizoctonia solani, antagonism, bacteria, extracts, mycelial inhibition, plant extract, rhizosphere. IntroducciónUno de los hongos que limita la producción del cultivo de papa en México es Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, la enfermedad que ocasiona es conocida como la costra negra de la pap...

The interpolyelectrolyte complexes of poly(acrylic acid)‐chitosan were investigated as inductor of systemic resistance potentially useful in the organic production of vegetables. These complexes, which are water soluble, were tested in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. Floradade). The seed treatments were carried out using solutions consisting of 0.1 vol.‐% of the complex and 5 g · L−1 NaCl in water. The data showed that this treatment produced a higher resistance to the attack by Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora capsici pathogens in tomato seedlings.Formation of the interpolyelectrolyte complex of poly(acrylic acid) and chitosan.magnified imageFormation of the interpolyelectrolyte complex of poly(acrylic acid) and chitosan.

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Domesticated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crops have presented an increased susceptibility to pests under field and greenhouse conditions. Among these pests is tomato/potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli Sulc (Hemiptera: Triozidae), a major pest in solanaceous crops. In this study, we evaluated volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from the headspace in three healthy varieties of tomato plants (Floradade, Micro-Tom and wild) under greenhouse conditions using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS). Later, independent bioassays were performed to evaluate VOC emissions with three varieties infested with nymphs of B. cockerelli. The results in healthy plants showed markedly different VOC profiles in each variety (14 compounds for wild, 17 for Floradade and 4 for Micro-Tom). Plants infested with nymphs showed changes in VOC emissions distinctly in Floradade and wild varieties. We suggest that these qualitative differences in VOC profiles by the degree of domestication could explain the preferences of B. cockerelli.

Plant growth promotion indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the most abundant natural auxin that plays diverse roles in plant growth, development and plant immunity. Perturbing auxin homeostasis appears to be a common virulence mechanism, as many pathogens can synthesize auxin-like molecules. In other hand, the addition of plant growth promotion rhizobacteria (PGPR) that are able to produce auxins promotes plant growth and provides protection against pathogens. Techniques as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) are used to quantify auxins produced by microorganism and plants at high precision and sensitivity, even though those techniques are expensive and require a big number of solvents. For these reasons, the aim of the present study was to develop a fast microplate technique for auxin detection, in Bacillus subtilis strains using salkowski reagent. For auxin quantification, calibration curves were done with alcohol, landy medium and water and the R 2 were calculated. The microplate techniques were able to quantify auxin production by B. subtillis stains.