While most wind energy comes from large utility-scale machines, small wind turbines (SWTs) can still play a role in off-grid installations or in the context of distributed production and smart energy systems. Over the years, these small machines have not received the same level of aerodynamic refinement of their larger counterparts, resulting in a notably lower efficiency and, therefore, a higher cost per installed kilowatt. In an effort to reduce this gap during the design of a new SWT, the scope of the study was twofold. First, it aimed to show how to combine and best exploit the modern engineering methods and codes available in order to provide the scientific and industrial community with an annotated procedure for a full preliminary design process. Secondly, special focus was put on the regulation methods, which are often some of the critical points of a real design. A dedicated sensitivity analysis for a proper setting is provided, both for the pitch-to-feather and the stall regulation methods. In particular, it is shown that stall regulation (which is usually preferred in SWTs) may be a cost-effective and simple solution, but it can require significant aerodynamic compromises and results in a lower annual energy output in respect to a turbine making use of modern stall-regulation strategies. Results of the selected case study showed how an increase in annual energy production (AEP) of over 12% can be achieved by a proper aerodynamic optimization coupled with pitch-to-feather regulation with respect to a conventional approach.
La genesi del futuro e del condizionale sintetico romanzo 1 I parte -L'Anomalia del futuro e i tentativi di spiegazione II ciclo dalTanalisi alla sintesiNel quadro delle innovazioni del sistema verbale romanzo U futuro del tipo CANTARE HABEO e il condizionale del tipo CANTARE HABUI/HABE-BAM costituiscono un'anomalia vistosa per almeno tre aspetti universalmente riconosciuti, anche se non ugualmente trattati: (a) rispetto alle altre innovazioni ehe contengono un Aus, sia il futuro ehe il condizionale sono forme sintetiche di tipo flessivo; (b) Aus flesso e posposto al verbo lessicale, mentre in tutti i tempi composti lo precede; (c) Aus flesso porta Taccento principale del verbo, mentre in tutti i tempi composti o e atono o porta un accento secondario. Nel valutare le spiegazioni date a queste tre anomalie, colpisce Tesiguitä dei risultati acquisiti in rapporto alla mole degli interventi, al punto ehe soltanto la loro enumerazione sarebbe un'impresa ardua, oltre ehe inutile. I risultati piü soddisfacenti riguardano il punto (a): il futuro romanzo e in subordine il condizionale sono divenuti esempi da manuale per illustrare il ciclo perenne ehe va dall'analisi alla sintesi.Gli interventi piü cospicui in questo senso sono quelli di Pidgram (1963) e di Anderson (1979), riassunti nel volume della Fleischmann (1982,(103)(104)(105), ehe possiamo considerare come lo stato delTarte airinizio degli anni Ottanta. Mettendo in parallelo la formazione del futuro romanzo e la ricostruzione del futuiO latino, si ottiene l'immagine di un processo ricorsivo: I /*canta-i-bhö/ > cantäbö /*cantare+habeo/ > cantarö Contro la ciclicita del mutamento si sono levate piü voci, fra le quali almeno due sono degne di attenzione. Sul piano del contenuto Bichak-1 Una stesura prowisoria e in forma abbreviata di questo articolo e stata presentata al XXI Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica e Filologia Romanza (Palermo, 18-24 settembre 1995) e corrisponde a Nocentini 1998.Le abbreviazioni comunemente usate sono le seguenti: Aus per ausiliare, Cl per clitico, Fut per futuro, Inf per infinito, Ogg per oggetto, Part per participio e Sogg per soggetto. I simboli hanno i seguenti valori: -indica la sequenza lineare, + indica la combinazione indipendentemente dalla sequenza, = indica la giuntura morfologica, # indica il confine di parola e ## il confine di fräse.Brought to you by | Bibliotheque de l'Universite Laval Authenticated Download Date | 7/4/15 12:58 PM
While most wind energy comes today from utility-scale machines, small wind turbines SWTs can still play a role in off-grid installations or in the context of distributed production and smart energy systems. Due to cost reasons, SWTs (especially up to 100kW) are usually controlled via progressive stall of the blades. Accurate airfoils polars are therefore key in engineering simulation models, not only to ensure predictive blade performance, but are also pivotal for proper controller tuning and an effective evaluation of loads. This study presents an analysis on the impact of post-stall extrapolation methods for airfoil polars, combined with the rotational-augmentation correction, on the aero-servo-elastic simulation of a stall-controlled wind turbine. The selected test case is the UNIFI 50kW RWT, a 50kW reference turbine recently developed by Università degli Studi di Firenze. Aero-servo-elastic simulations are carried out with the open-source code OpenFAST by NREL considering typical turbine Design Situations. Several post-stall extrapolation methods are tested on the same set of polars, also including the 3D correction. Results prove that the performance of turbines like the one studied here is strongly dependent on these methods, especially after the needed correction for rotational-augmentation is applied. In this view, dedicated studies and experimental validations in the next future could help increase the predictivity of low-order numerical models, establish new engineering best-practices, and finally increase the economic feasibility of small wind turbines.
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