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This paper presents the design of aperiodic concentric ring arrays for ultra-wide bandwidths (UW-ACRA). This design of ultra-wideband arrays considers the synthesis of concentric rings in two cases: 1) non-uniform spacing between rings with non-uniform spacing between antenna elements of the same ring (UW-ACRAelements); and 2) non-uniform spacing between rings assuming that spacing between antenna elements of the same ring to be equal (UW-ACRArings). This is in order to eliminate the occurrence of grating lobes and generating array structures with useful ultra-wideband properties. The synthesis process is carried out by the well-known method of differential evolution (DE). Wireless sensor networks can take advantage of these properties to achieve less data traffic, efficient delivery of information and better energy efficiency.

A comparison between different modern multi-objective optimization methods applied to the design of concentric rings antenna arrays is presented in this paper. This design of concentric rings antenna arrays considers the optimization of the amplitude and phase excitations across the antenna elements in order to generate the trade-off curves between side lobe level and directivity for a scannable pattern with optimal performance in the whole azimuth plane. Simulation results by using evolutionary multi-objective optimization methods, such as: NSGA-II, DEMO, and EM-MOPSO are provided in this document. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the performance between these algorithms is presented. IntroductionRecently, multi-objective evolutionary algorithms have been applied to several antenna arrays design problems.[1,2] The most representative multi-objective algorithms include the NSGA-II,[3-4] DEMO,[5] and MOPSO,[6] among others. Since antenna arrays design is a complex task involving multiple objectives, these techniques have received great attention because they can solve a variety of problems and are easy to implement. This paper presents a comparison of NSGA-II, DEMO, and EM-MOPSO for the multi-objective design of concentric rings antenna arrays. The purpose and contribution of this paper is to present a comparative evaluation of NSGA-II, DEMO, and EM-MOPSO in their performances to design concentric rings antenna arrays. The multi-objective design of concentric rings antenna arrays considers the optimization of the amplitude and phase excitations across the antenna elements in order to generate the trade-off curves between the side lobe level and directivity for a scannable pattern with optimal performance in the whole azimuth plane, i.e., in a scanning range of [0°, 360°].To the best of the authors knowledge, a performance comparison of NSGA-II, DEMO, and EM-MOPSO applied to the design of concentric rings antenna arrays (with a scannable pattern) has not been presented previously.The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section II states the antenna array design problem we are dealing with. Section III describes the evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithms employed. Section IV presents and discusses