An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the cool-down behavior of an insulated pipe assembly under subsea conditions, and an analytical model was developed to predict the cool down of the assembly. The insulated pipe assembly consisted of a straight pipe attached to a production tee and a production elbow, and this was coated with 3 in. of thermal insulation. The pipe assembly was tested in a chamber that can simulate subsea conditions (low temperature, high pressure). The analytical model was the solution to a 1D transient heat-conduction problem of a threelayer solid cylinder. The analytical model was first verified with the use of available commercial software, and then validated against experimental data. Results showed a root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) of less than 3.8°F between the analytical model and the experimental data at the location with a geometry similar to that for which the analytical model was developed. It was found that the h values calculated from experimental data were significantly smaller than the ones calculated from empirical correlations. However, this variation resulted only in a slight difference in the cool-down temperatures. From the validation of the analytical model, it was concluded that this model can predict cool-down temperatures as a function of time in insulated pipes during shut-in operations.

CFD analyses to determine the performance of the thermal insulation system during cool-down of an Enhanced Vertical Deepwater Tree (EVDT) and a manifold for a subsea tie-in to an existing Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) are described in this paper. The produced fluid was assumed to be a multiphase mixture of gas and liquid with a gas volume fraction (GVF) of 14.05% for the EVDT and 73.46% for the manifold. The external environment was modeled as seawater at 4 °C, and a seawater current of 0.2 m/s was assumed. An Eulerian-Eulerian approach was used to solve the multiphase behavior of the produced fluid, in which one set of conservation equations is used for each phase at each mesh cell. Seawater flow patterns were solved with a single-phase, constant density solver with Boussinesq approximation. In general, it was found that cool-down times might be significantly different at some locations when the produced fluid is a multiphase fluid mixture as compared to the case where it is a single phase. Interestingly, Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models predict a more rapid cool-down within the first 30 minutes of shutting down production as compared with traditional methods of determining cool-down times by modeling only heat diffusion with finite element techniques. Results from these analyses are a useful tool to determine the cool-down time that the produced fluid might remain above hydrate formation temperature prior to intervention. This has a direct implication on methanol system design and consumption. In addition, these results are an aid to determine which components of the equipment should have more insulation, as well as the impact of cold spots on cool-down times. Introduction One of the top priorities for oil and gas companies is flow assurance in the field. The main challenge of flow assurance is to overcome flow problems, which are generally associated with blockage of the flow path due to the formation of solid deposits or hydrates. These hydrates are crystals that form in flows where water and gas are present under a combination of temperature and pressure conditions. In general, it can be said that gas hydrate formation will occur at high-pressure and low-temperature conditions. Thus, there is a potential risk of gas hydrate formation as drilling and production operations expand into deepwater environments. Several works can be found in the literature that describe flow assurance challenges involving the prevention of solids formation [see, for example, Javora et al. (2005); Alboudwarej et al. (2006); Wang et al. (2006a, 2006b); Kopps et al. (2007); Harun and Watt (2009)]. Preventing the formation of solids may be accomplished by keeping the system in a thermodynamic state out of the regions in which the solids form. For example, hydrates do not usually form during normal operation in which the temperature of the fluids is above the formation temperature of solids. However, stagnant production fluids during shut-in operations will eventually reach seawater ambient temperature, thus potentially increasing the risk of hydrate formation. Therefore, special emphasis is placed on the effective control of heat losses in subsea equipment during shut-in and startup operations, because the ambient temperatures in deepwater are typically 40°F (approximately 4°C).