ACs of the lung are malignant neuroendocrine tumours with a worst outcome in patients over 70 years and in smokers. With the exception of pneumonectomy, the extent of resection does not seem to affect survival and should be accompanied preferably by lymphadenectomy. Pathological staging, along with a mitotic index more than Ki-67 (MIB1), appears to be the most significant prognostic factor at the univariate analysis.

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In the long term, insufficient results strictly related to Heller-Dor failure, always due to reflux oesophagitis, were recorded in 15/173 patients (8.7%) although it is questionable whether reflux oesophagitis appearing after more than 15 years is due to the Dor incompetence or to ageing. In sigmoid achalasia, oesophagectomy rather than myotomy should be taken into consideration in the first instance. In the long-term, surgery is the best definitive treatment for oesophageal achalasia.