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Information on the diffusional transformation products of austenite in high-carbon steels is reviewed and supplemented with new microscopic studies. A comparison with transformation products in low-carbon steels indicates that there is a symmetry with pearlite in the middle, where ferrite and cementite are equal partners, and with acicular ferrite or cementite on each side. They both form with a surface relief, and at lower temperatures, each one is the leading phase in a eutectoid microstructure, bainite and inverse bainite, respectively. However, there is an asymmetry because at low temperatures bainite appears in high-carbon steels but inverse bainite never appears in low-carbon steels. At a constant high carbon content, there is another kind of symmetry, which is related to temperature. At intermediate temperatures the eutectoid reaction results in spherical nodules in which the cementite constituent originates from Widmansta¨tten plates. It turns spiky at both higher and lower temperatures with the leading phase in the spikes being cementite at higher temperatures and ferrite at lower temperatures. In the first kind of symmetry, there is an abrupt change among the three reaction products; in the second kind of symmetry, there is a gradual change. Accepting that all the eutectoid microstructures form by diffusion of carbon, one may explain the existence of both symmetries by the variation of the ratio of the supersaturations of ferrite and cementite with carbon content and with temperature.

Martensite in carbon steels forms in different morphologies, often referred to as lath andplate martensite. The alloy composition has a strong effect on the morphology, for instance in car-bon steels there is a morphological change of the martensite microstructure from lath martensite atlow carbon contents to plate martensite at high carbon contents. In the present work a decarburizedhigh-carbon steel, enabling the isolation of carbons' influence alone, has been studied in order to in-vestigate the changes in morphology and hardness. From the results it is concluded that there is acontinuous change of hardness with increased carbon content. The increasing hardness slows down atabout 0.6 wt%C before decreasing at higher carbon contents. This is in accordance with the change inmorphology since it was found that lath martensite dominates below 0.6 wt%C and the first units ofgrain boundary martensite and plate martensite appear above 0.6 wt%C. At high carbon contents thedominating morphology is plate martensite, but retained austenite is also present.