The continuing outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in Southeast Asia have been disastrous to the poultry industry in the region and have raised serious global public health concerns. Risk for animal and human health exists along the whole poultry value chain. The Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations initiated a series of value chain studies in Asia and Africa during 2007 as a means to develop a better understanding of the trade flows, disease transmission mechanisms and possible entry points for intervention in various value chains. This paper outlines the methodology used to undertake these value chain studies, their use in developing policy and HPAI control measures that decrease animal and human health risks, and describes a value chain study in North Sumatra undertaken by FAO and the University of North Sumatra.

Indonesia has the fifth-highest level of stunting in the world. Stunting was the most severe problem that was impeding child growth and development. This study aims to determine the relationship between the characteristic of the mother with the incidence of stunting in under-five children (24-59 months) in North Sumatera in 2013 This study, we took data from the 2013 Indonesian National Basic Health Survey (RISKESDAS), with a sample of 573 children. For this study, Data were collected using a questionnaire and processed using Chi-square test (α=0.05). Variables that are used include mother's age, height, education, and occupation. The result reveals that prevalence of stunting among children is 40.3%. Prevalence of mother's height in category 150-155 cm is 35.6%. Most of the mother in this research at 24-35 years old (65.4%), higher education (86.4%), and has no fixed monthly income (80.1%). Chi-square test results showed mother's height, education and occupation were connected with stunting. The result of multivariate analysis showed that the variable which had the most dominant influence as the determinant of the incidence of stunting was mothers' education (OR = 1.9; 95% CI 1.188-3.133; p=0.08), It is suggested that families to the family (parents) to pay attention to education, especially for girls.

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Rice is the staple food of more than half the world's population. Mixing rice with other food ingredients to become the staple food is never done; therefore the dependence on rice becomes very high. The source of food that contained carbohydrate is diverse such as potatoes, wheat, bananas, cassava and others. This study aims to determine glycemic index and nutrient composition of rice purple sweet potato. The type of research is an experimental study to create a new staple food by mixing rice with purple sweet potato. The main object of research is rice and purple sweet potato with ratio 1: 1 and a blood sample of the subject. The subjects were six women who analyzed their blood glucose levels at every 15 minutes during the first 1 hour and every 30 minutes during the second hour. The results showed the nutrient composition of rice purple sweet potato among others: the water content 53.7%, ash 0.2%, 4.4% protein, 0.6% fat, 40.7% carbohydrates, crude fiber 0.17 %, and the energy content is 235 kcal. The glycemic index in rice purple sweet potato with white bread as food reference is 67 which are included in the category of food that has a moderate glycemic index (55-70). The rice purple sweet potato potentially as a staple food with a lower glycemic index than the staple food white rice with glycemic index 89. Further research about the glycemic index of rice purple sweet potato as a mixture with other compositions need to do for the purpose of food diversification.