Those with Type 2 Diabetes with and without peripheral neuropathy (PN) display evident gait deficiencies, and kinematic alterations while stepping on various surfaces. Purpose: To verify if such modifications would emerge performing diverse tasks in the regulated stages of diabetes such as controlled type 2 diabetics without PN. Methods: We recruited and allocated 30 adult participants in two groups, 15 controlled diabetics (cDMII) and 15 controls (CoG). Gait temporospatial criteria were measured during even walkway and described concerning a ramp/slope surface, and a stair-step. Results: A Repeated measure ANOVA was employed to compare even surface gait parameters with slope and stair (ascending and descending) surfaces within each group. Our results highlight that cDMII shows distinct and initial traces of impaired gait parameters, notably on single-limb support time reduction with a double-limb time increment during ramp compared to even surface. Conclusion: Our conclusions suggest even at the early stages of diabetes, when glucose levels are regulated, adjustment while shifting and adapting to different, more challenging surfaces appear, notably in dynamic balance variables. Therefore, making this prompt detection of variations is clinically valuable for providing treatment interventions to diminish the risk of falls and trauma in those who have diabetes.

Purpose. Previous studies have compared neuromuscular patterns between healthy populations and populations with neuromuscular disorders where the functionality of the muscles might be affected. However, more research needs to be conducted to understand neuromuscular patterns within young healthy adults during various balance tasks. This study explores whether challenging the sensory systems in young adults during single and dual-cognitive balance tasks alters neuromuscular patterns at the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior. Methods. Our study involved 44 healthy young adults (10 males and 34 females) with an average age of 24.9 ± 3.03 years. Electromyography electrodes were utilized to obtain electromyographic data regarding times during onset of muscle contraction, peak muscle activation, decay of muscle contraction, and duration of muscle contraction during distinct balance tests. The different balance tests involved altering sensory inputs during 4 single tasks and 4 dual-cognitive tasks. Results. Principally, no significant changes in electromyographic activity were demonstrated during the single or dualcognitive tests, especially for neuromuscular recruitment patterns for the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius (p > 0.05). Conclusions. The comparable neuromuscular activity of the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius during various balance tasks in our study extrapolates that young healthy adults have functional sensory and motor systems. Further studies need to investigate electromyographic patterns during dual-motor tasks, the involvement of other synergistic muscles for postural control, and brain activity during complex postural tasks.

Dual tasks are fundamental and standard for daily walking and balance movements. However, further research is required to determine the comprehensive postural profile during challenging dual cognitive tasks. To distinguish the influence of dual cognitive tasks on anterior-posterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) jerk (direction of sway), velocity, and distance in young adults with normal balance systems. Nineteen subjects took part in this inquiry (2 males and 17 females), with a mean age of 23.9+\- 2.3 years. The participants were instrumented using a lumbar accelerometer and a dynamometer designed to capture sway. All subjects completed eight balance tests comprising four single and four dual-cognitive tasks involving counting backward by three, starting at the number 100 (dual-task). Postural modifications were prominent in the AP direction, with a faster jerk, velocity, and considerable distance than in the ML direction. The introduction to challenging balance situations, including dual tasks, provoke AP direction adaptations to preserve balance through variations in AP parameters, indicating the engagement of the sensory reweighting system.

Background: Prior research has examined fall risks in the elderly Caucasian population, though research on this topic in the elderly Latino population is still emerging. This inquiry investigates whether there are distinct balance characteristics in the active elderly Latino population and whether demographic factors and lifestyle choices influence these characteristics. Methods: A total of 25 active participants who partake in Zumba and aqua aerobic classes at a community center participated in this study, with an average age of 71.6+/-7.2. A screening assessment tool (SAT) was administered to obtain demographic data. The Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale and Mini-BESTest (MBT) were utilized to assess participants' balance. Results: The most prevalent comorbidities in the group include high blood pressure (76%) and arthritis (64%). The average scores include 86.4% on the ABC, 1.5 points on the MBT items on a 0-2 grading scale, and 14.6 seconds on the TUG cognitive task. A significant positive correlation between the number of medications and the number of comorbidities was identified (r=0.448, p=0.025). Conclusion:The acceptable balance scores among our participants surmise that engaging in physical activities improves perceived balance and balance performance, despite the prevalence of comorbidities or medication usage. Implementing fall prevention programs and balance assessments in community centers and clinicians explaining the importance of physical activity programs to both patients and physicians are strategies that can reduce the risk of falls in any elderly ethnic group.

Introduction: Most studies on postural deviations during single and dual tasks have been extensively studied in neuromuscular and older adult populations. Nevertheless, further research is warranted to identify whether such tasks can impose postural adaptations in young, healthy adults without sensory impairments. Aim: To assess postural stability modifications in young adults during single tasks and dual motor tasks (holding a cup filled with water) while concomitantly challenging the sensory systems. Materials and Methods: This was the cross-sectional study on 82 young adults (18-45 years old) from Texas Woman’s University (TWU) Health Science Center in Dallas, Texas, and surrounding areas. Standing postural control was measured by collecting total sway, direction of sway and velocity in the Anterior-Posterior (AP) and Medial-Lateral (ML) directions during different balance tasks. For single and dual tasks, the tests were performed with a bipedal stance on foam involving challenging the sensory input via Eyes Open (EO), Eyes Closed (EC), and head movements with eyes open (EO HUD) and closed (EC HUD). The dual motor tasks were similar to the single tasks with the addition of holding a cup full of water to split attention. Data were placed into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Data Analysis 25.0 system and were analysed for repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) analysis. Results: Eighty-two healthy young adults participated in this study (mean age of 24.6±2.7 years, 13 males and 69 females). An ANOVA analysis revealed that postural stability was considerably altered during motor tasks. Sway in the Antero-Posterior (AP) direction, and velocity of sway increased as the complexity of the tasks intensified. A substantial difference in total sway during single tasks when eyes were closed compared to eyes open (p-value <0.01) was noted. There was a significant difference in total sway (AP and ML) during eyes open (EOM) to eyes closed (ECM) and during eyes open with head moving up and down (EOM HUD) (p-value 0.001). There were significant differences in mean AP velocity during EO (0.11±0.12) compared to EC HUD (0.19±0.15), and when comparing EOM (0.07±0.04) to ECM HUD (0.13±0.08) (p=0.01) Conclusion: This study identified postural changes when comparing single and dual tasks in healthy young adults, and the outcomes of this study showed definite distinctions in postural responses during single and dual motor tasks.