This article describes the current health system in Honduras including its composition, financing structure, coverage, employment and the impact of the health personnel migration. Likewise, a contrast is made with the profound reforms that are intended to be carried out in Honduras, which includes universal healthcare, increased coverage, and the inclusion of private providers in the new health model; it also involves the separation of roles between buyer and supplier. This last statement has generated controversy between sectors, members and professionals of the health services, which has associated it with the privatization of the health systems.

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Enterococci often acquire antimicrobial resistance through horizontal gene transfer. Relatedness between enterococci with high level resistance to gentamicin and vancomycin isolated from humans, food and hospital environment in Tandil County (Argentina) was investigated. PCR amplification for species determination was carried out. Resistance to seven antimicrobials was studied; virulence genes (esp, cylA), vancomycin and gentamicin resistance genes were investigated. In the isolates with high level antimicrobial resistance (gentamicin, vancomycin), pulse-field gel electrophoresis was performed. Vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (n:13) were recovered from human, food and hospital environment samples. All the isolates expressed high-level vancomycin and teicoplanin (vanA genotype), as well high-level gentamicin and streptomycin resistance. Vancomycin-resistant E. faecium were distributed among seven clonal types; esp gene was detected in clinical strains. There was no clonal relationship with food vanA E. faecium, but these strains could pose a risk in intra/inter genus transfer of vanA determinant to human-adapted strains. High-level gentamicin resistant E. faecalis (n:7) were recovered from human and food samples. Glycopeptide resistance was not observed; cylA gene was detected in most of the clinical high-level gentamicin resistant E. faecalis isolates. PFGE patterns showed four clonal types in high-level gentamicin resistant E. faecalis strains; there was demonstrated clonal relatedness between isolates from different origin. In Argentina, this is the first study showing a clonal relationship between high-level gentamicin resistant E. faecalis isolated from food and humans. These results encourage the study of dissemination of clonal complexes with mobile resistance genes.

In the United States, Latino population has consistently shown the lowest prevalence rate compared to other racial groups, such as Caucasians, African American and Asians [7-10], more barriers to evidence-based treatments [11], more severe symptoms, and greater rates of intellectual disability at time of diagnosis [12].

The knowledge about the genetic and the functional diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) is an important ecological issue that deserves greater research efforts specially when trying to use them into biotechnological approaches in agriculture, horticulture, forestry and ecological restoration. Genetic diversity of AMF is almost unexplored in Mexico. In turn, the functional diversity of these fungi has been poorly evaluated from some ecological studies. However, based on the beneficial effects on growth promotion and nutrition of plants of agronomic importance, some promising strains and consortia of AMF have been obtained. This work shows the beneficial effects of AMF that were isolated from several regions of the Mexican Republic, and to highlight the need to explore the genetic and the functional diversity of AMF from different ecosystems and agrosystems of Mexico, which is considered not only as one of the most biodiverse countries but also for being a domestication center for several cultivated plants which are important from a cultural and a human nutrition point of view.