In the high Andes, environmental and socio-economic drivers are transforming agriculture and presumably affecting the in situ conservation of potato (Solanum spp.). To monitor the use and conservation of intraspecific diversity, systematic and comparative studies across agricultural land-use systems are needed. We investigated the spatial-temporal dynamics of potato in two landscapes of Peru’s central Andes: A highland plateau (Huancavelica) compared to an eastern slope (Pasco). We examined household-level areal allocations, altitudinal distribution, sectoral fallowing practices, and the conservation status for three main cultivar groups: (i) Bred varieties, (ii) floury landraces, and (iii) bitter landraces. Mixed methods were used to survey 323 households and the 1101 potato fields they managed in 2012–2013. We compared the contemporary altitudinal distribution of landraces with 1975–1985 altimeter data from the International Potato Center. Intensification is occurring in each landscape while maintaining high intraspecific diversity. Access to land and production for sale compared to consumption significantly affected smallholder management and differentiated landscapes. Most landraces were scarce across households: 45.4% in Huancavelica and 61.7% in Pasco. Potato cultivation has moved upward by an average of 306 m since 1975. Landrace diversity is versatile but unevenly distributed across landscapes. This requires adaptive ways to incentivize in situ conservation.

acquisitions surpassed provisions in response to stress. We suggest that the selfregulatory capacity of farmer seed networks represents a strong safety net through which smallholders can respond to crop failure and seed stress. Seed system interventions aimed at genetic resources conservation or relief should build on these seed networks.

Background: Child undernutrition is persistently high in the central Andes of Peru, and numerous smallholder households fail to meet their basic needs of energy, iron and zinc. Food-based approaches assume household-level nutrition can be improved following agricultural interventions. This study assesses for the first time whether current Andean production systems provide sufficient energy, iron and zinc output to meet household-level requirements and explores the likely effect of commonly promoted food-based approaches. Across four communities, we determined the crop and livestock production output for each household (n = 165) during one growing season. The household-level nutritional demand or input was calculated as a function of household composition and daily requirements of energy, iron and zinc as established by FAO/WHO. We examined five scenarios, current practice or status quo and four food-based interventions: (1) increased potato yield, (2) introduced biofortified potatoes, (3) promotion of guinea pigs and (4) a mixed strategy combining all of the above. Results:Under status quo, 86, 62 and 76 % of households obtained sufficient production output to meet energy, iron and zinc requirements, respectively. Considering the three parameters simultaneously, 59 % of households were able to meet their energy, iron and zinc requirements. The total crop production among households provided more than the necessary energy, iron and zinc output to meet the demand of all 165 households. Yet, significant differences between households account for individual deficits or surpluses in household-level output-input balances. Potato (Solanum spp.), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and faba (Vicia faba) production was particularly significant in determining the energy, iron and zinc output. Livestock did not make a substantial contribution. The main difference between households with negative versus positive coverage, in terms of household-level production output from agriculture meeting demand (=input), was available cropping area given household size. None of the explored food-based interventions closed the energy, iron and zinc deficit from production among households with negative coverage. Conclusions:The smallholder production systems analyzed are only partially capable of providing sufficient production output to cover household-level energy, iron and zinc demands. Of the four interventions examined, a mixed

La propuesta de este artículo es describir y analizar históricamente las formas en que se expresa la desigualdad de género en la formulación de las políticas públicas; especialmente aquellas que tienen como principales destinatarias a las mujeres rurales. Se realizará una revisión crítica de las diversas iniciativas llevadas a cabo por el Ministerio de Agricultura de la Nación (1915-1946: Hogar agrícola), por el Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (1956-1980: Hogar Rural) y finalmente, las desarrolladas por la Unidad para el Cambio Rural (2009-2014: Programa Regional Género-Mercosur). Realizar un balance comparativo de las propuestas estatales y su conjugación con los modelos de género y desarrollo vigentes en las políticas agrarias durante cien años es objetivo principal de este estudio.

Dra. Ada C. Machado da Silveira Profesora titular de la Universidad Federal de Santa María (UFSM), Río Grande del Sur, Brasil, adonde integra el cuadro permanente del programa de Pós-grado de Comunicación y es líder del grupo de investigación Comunicación, identidades y fronteras, además de participar del grupo de investigación Comunicación y Desarrollo. Es investigadora del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CNPq) y profesora colaboradora en la maestría profesional en Comunicación e indústria creativa de la Universidad Federal do Pampa (Unipampa), campus de São Borja.