The impacts of harmful algal blooms on human health, tourism, fisheries and ecosystems have increased in recent decades. Eutrophication and the feared climate change are believed to further challenge authorities and those whose activity depends on coastal resources. While in most of the affected countries, regulatory steps have been taken to protect consumers of contaminated food, there has been an unequal focus on management systems. Some countries such as EEUU and Canada have focused on monitoring and prediction programs, whereas others (e.g. Korea, China) have relied on direct control of blooms in the sea. Here, we review current control methods for HABs including their fundamentals and the last scientific advances. A thorough revision of all considered approaches so far has been included. Ecological studies of the impact of the countermeasures were also considered.

The Engraulis ringens distribution (4 to 42°S) covers a wide variety of environmental conditions. We assessed the coping mechanisms used by this anchoveta in different spawning habitats, reporting differences in egg traits between populations off northern (Iquique, 20°S) and southern Chile (Talcahuano, 36°S) and throughout the spawning season. Eggs were smaller off Iquique, declined in size during the reproductive season (both populations), and inter-population differences persisted throughout the spawning season. Batch fecundity (eggs per batch per female) and relative fecundity (eggs per female weight) were lower off Talcahuano during the peak spawning months. Thus, larger eggs spawned in the southern population seem to be produced at the cost of a reduction in fecundity. The eggs also differed biochemically between the 2 populations; total lipids and triacylglycerides were much higher off Talcahuano. The biochemical composition (both populations) also changed throughout the spawning season, with higher lipids early in the spawning season (July to August) off Talcahuano. Hatching success decreased during the spawning season, and correlated positively with egg size and lipid contents. Environmental conditions differed markedly between spawning areas and from mid-winter to late spring. Off Talcahuano, the temperature and winter-time water column productivity are lower and turbulence is higher, while eggs are larger, lipid contents higher, and batch fecundity lower. This mechanism seems to facilitate survival of young offspring in the more adverse winter conditions off Talcahuano. These egg characteristics are determined by the adult female reproductive system, representing a maternal influence on the early life-history traits of anchoveta that might enable rapid changes in population densities in some years of improved habitat conditions. KEY WORDS: Anchoveta · Engraulis ringens · Upwelling · Reproductive strategy · Egg quality · Lipids · Humboldt Current · Small pelagic fishes Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

Efecto de la temperatura en el desarrollo embrionario y larval del mejillón, Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819)Temperature effect in the embryonic and larval development of the mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819) -10258) se evaluó el efecto de la temperatura sobre su desarrollo temprano para modular empíricamente las tasas de crecimiento larval. Los embriones y larvas se cultivaron a 12, 16 y 20ºC, en una unidad productora de semillas marinas en la bahía de Coliumo (36ºS), Chile, desde donde se extrajeron los reproductores. El desarrollo embrionario siguió la secuencia conocida para otros bivalvos. Las trocóforas se transformaron en velígeras, a las 45 h post fertilización, seguidas por las larvas D (longitud inicial 99 ± 6 μm), con velo ciliado, estómago bien definido y líneas de crecimiento concéntricas en la concha; las larvas umbonadas, a partir del día 15 post fertilización, desarrollaron manchas oculares y músculos aductores; las pedivelígeras (talla inicial 265 ± 2 μm) desarrollaron un órgano pedal y filamentos branquiales. Los estadios embrionario y larval fueron acelerados a mayores temperaturas. Las tasas de crecimiento larval a 20ºC (9,1 μm*día -1 ) fueron significativamente mayores que a 12 y 16ºC (6,7 μm*día -1 y 7,4 μm*día -1 , respectivamente). Comparado con Mytilus chilensis, M. galloprovincialis presentó mejores de tasas de crecimiento a iguales temperaturas. Esto sugiere que, en Chile, se puede producir semillas de M. galloprovincialis en condiciones controladas, para su cultivo masivo. MaryoriPalabras clave: Mytilidae, mejillón, embrión, larva, temperatura, tasa de crecimiento Abstract.-The Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819) has been recently registered for the Chilean coast, from Concepcion (36ºS) to the Magellan Strait (54ºS). To determine the feasibility of the massive culture of M. galloprovincialis in Chile, a study of the temperature effects on the early development was carried out. Embryos and larvae were raised at 12, 16 and 20ºC in laboratory facilities at Coliumo Bay (36ºS), Chile, from where adults mussels were collected. Embryonic development followed the common sequence exhibited by other bivalves. Trocophores turned into veligers at 45 h post fertilization, followed by D-larvae (99 ± 6 μm length, initial size), with a large ciliated velum, a welldeveloped stomach and concentric growth lines in the shell; 15 days post-fertilization, umbonate larvae developed eye-spots and adductors muscles; pediveliger larvae (265 ± 2 μm initial length size) developed a pedal organ and gill filaments. Both embryonic and larval stages were accelerated at higher temperatures. The larval growth rates at 20ºC (9.1 μm*d galloprovincialis seed can be produced under controlled conditions for its massive cultivation.

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Erroneous identifi cation of the mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis RESUMENEsta comunicación informa que la presencia de Mytilus chilensis (Hupe 1854) citada en la literatura científi ca para la costa de la Bahía de Concepción (Chile) no es correcta, siendo Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck 1819) la identifi cación taxonómica válida.