Premise of the studyEvolutionary relationships in the species-rich Orchidaceae have historically relied on organellar DNA sequences and limited taxon sampling. Previous studies provided a robust plastid-maternal phylogenetic framework, from which multiple hypotheses on the drivers of orchid diversification have been derived. However, the extent to which the maternal evolutionary history of orchids is congruent with that of the nuclear genome has remained uninvestigated.MethodsWe inferred phylogenetic relationships from 294 low-copy nuclear genes sequenced/obtained using the Angiosperms353 universal probe set from 75 species representing 69 genera, 16 tribes and 24 subtribes. To test for topological incongruence between nuclear and plastid genomes, we constructed a tree from 78 plastid genes, representing 117 genera, 18 tribes and 28 subtribes and compared them using a co-phylogenetic approach. The phylogenetic informativeness and support of the Angiosperms353 loci were compared with those of the 78 plastid genes.Key ResultsPhylogenetic inferences of nuclear datasets produced highly congruent and robustly supported orchid relationships. Comparisons of nuclear gene trees and plastid gene trees using the latest co-phylogenetic tools revealed strongly supported phylogenetic incongruence in both shallow and deep time. Phylogenetic informativeness analyses showed that the Angiosperms353 genes were in general more informative than most plastid genes.ConclusionsOur study provides the first robust nuclear phylogenomic framework for Orchidaceae plus an assessment of intragenomic nuclear discordance, plastid-nuclear tree incongruence, and phylogenetic informativeness across the family. Our results also demonstrate what has long been known but rarely documented: nuclear and plastid phylogenetic trees are not fully congruent and therefore should not be considered interchangeable.
Minor trauma is the most frequent kind of kidney injury, and is usually present with associated injuries. Conservative treatment was administered to most patients, but the failure rate was 12% and the frequency of overall complications was 10%.
Describir las características clínicas de los pacientes con diagnóstico de traumatismo renal en el Hospital Universitario del Valle (HUV) en Cali, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de pacientes con diagnóstico de traumatismo renal (CIE 10) en el HUV entre el 1 de enero de 2003 y el 31 de diciembre de 2007. Se recolectaron variables como: edad, sexo, estabilidad hemodinámica, tipo de traumatismo, sitio y mecanismo de la lesión, hallazgos al examen físico de ingreso, fallo renal, requerimiento de transfusión, método del diagnóstico, lesiones asociadas, manejo del traumatismo, tiempo de hospitalización y complicaciones. El análisis estadístico se realizó en SPSS v. 15. Resultados: Se evaluó a 106 pacientes, el 78,3% varones, con un promedio de edad de 30 años. La mayoría ingresó por traumatismo cerrado (73,6%), principalmente por accidente en moto y caídas de altura. Se encontró traumatismo menor (grado 1-3) en el 77,3% de los casos, hematuria (90%) y dolor en el flanco (64%). La tomografía computarizada se utilizó en el 69,8% de los casos. Se realizó un manejo conservador (77,4%) principalmente en traumatismo menor (p < 0,0001); de éstos un 12% requirió cirugía posteriormente. El abdomen agudo fue la indicación quirúrgica más frecuente. Se realizó: nefrorrafia (32%), nefrectomía (38%) y manejo conservador (26%). La complicación más frecuente fue el resangrado (3,8%). Conclusiones: El traumatismo renal menor es más frecuente y usualmente se presenta con lesiones asociadas. Se hace un manejo conservador en la mayoría de los pacientes; sin embargo, la tasa de fallo es del 12% y la frecuencia de complicaciones es del 10%.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.