Mobility is a critical factor of urban development and the cause of frequent changes in city infrastructure and in public spaces. The study of mobility in historic places and landmarks in the city of Aguascalientes, using qualitative research methods, helped to understand the incremental loss of heritage architecture in the last decades. There are several reasons to visit a historic site and tourism levels have increased lately in Mexico. Besides the importance of tourism, there are people who go to work there, some others attend schools, and a few of them live in the historic centre. The analysis of parking lots inventory wasn't enough to understand mobility in historic places. It was through the design and implementation of a survey, using a qualitative statistical method, that research determined the origin of visitors, visiting times, level of education, transportation means and the way people use historic places. Furthermore, such research method determined the relationship of these factors by a multiple correspondence analysis. This analysis helped in reconstructing relevant information about such visitors. The qualitative was obtained from a printed questionnaire in person. The data clarified patterns of relationships and correspondence among variables. So the perception of the visitors showed the effects of the mobility in historic places. Tourism and mobility should foster preservation ethics nowadays. Additionally, it's possible to promote the use of less polluting transportation in historic places. It's achievable to design and install a light rail transit system (LRT) into the historic centre. For example, a good design could include an optimum track alignment for a LRT corridor on Madero Av. in the city of Aguascalientes, from the principal square to the main railroad station. This also could improve a sustainable development in the near future.

During the second half of the 20th century, the cities in Latin America began to grow rapidly, and the historic built environment has changed since then. Some of them preserved historic architecture, some others changed dramatically, and a few combined historic buildings with factories and the dynamics of new ways of mobility. This is the case of the neighbourhood: El Encino in Aguascalientes, Mexico. The factory: JM Romo was established in 1957 in El Encino. It pursued welfare and prosperity in the neighbourhood, helping with economics sustainability, such as a theme park development, building an indoor basketball court and schools for its workers. Somehow a social sustainability was achieved, but there was a loss of the historic buildings that were bought by the factory -and then they were torn down, and trucks changed the mobility on the narrow streets of the historic neighbourhood. So now the urban image of El Encino is a combination of the factory facades, parking lots and historic buildings. To find out about the social benefits to the factory workers and the opinion of the inhabitants of the neighbourhood two different surveys were conducted. Some of the results showed that the factory has pursued facilities for their workers, but not for the whole neighbourhood. Also, some residents built a garage in their houses because of the increasing traffic. Fortunately, the city planning has considered in the last years restoring the facades of the main houses, also changing the pavement, and building a new museum. Besides, the Guadalupe Posada Museum preserves the famous printings of this Mexican designer. It is through the analysis of the factory impacts (social and mobility), the developing of the neighbours to improve their own resilience and the late urban planning that the site can be preserved as part of a sustainable city.

The beginning of the 21st century in Mexico saw an increase in neoliberalism politics, including city planning strategies-at national and local levels. Leading sociologist and anthropologist Bartra says that Mexico now is the last wagon train of neoliberalism in Latin America. Cultural resources were also included in these politics with drastic changes-like a sudden increase of loss of built heritage. The positivist projects in the new urban designs-based on economics-may tear down some important historic buildings recently, ignoring also social aspects of the city. Besides this, the city now experiments with new urban centralities-basically corporate centralities-that become new economic poles, fragmenting the historic centre. Some of the macro urban planning projects in Mexico, like the Macro Plaza in Monterrey, the historic centre of Guadalajara and the urban projects of the main Zócalo in Mexico City, are examples of the great scale urban projects that change historic geographies. The new renovation project of Patria Square in Aguascalientes City focuses on the centenary year of the Mexican Revolution Convention of 1914 that took place in the Morelos Theatre. Now, one hundred years after this event, we face a new fragmentation of the old city infrastructure and architecture. The study of urban imaginaries, the macro urban renovations in the historic centre and the new urban centralities of the city could contribute to design good practices for the preservation and sustainability of built heritage. Also, the analysis of new urban corporate centralities versus the old centrality could determine if sustainable urban management can be achieved. The results of the paper show that tearing down buildings is not the best solution in historic preservation. Also there are some

The history of the main Mexican villages is linked to the Spaniard Conquerors and their establishment. Morphology of the three main maritime fortresses in Mexico is related to several European medieval shapes of buildings. Even though the build of the main port Veracruz had a wall to protect the village, San Juan de Ulúa fortress had a star shaped. The birth of the cities of Acapulco and Campeche included star shaped fortresses too. These fortresses assumed the military role of European castles. Geometric regularity was based on the Quattrocento Renaissance, and found a perfect shape during the Cinquecento. The building of fortresses in Mexico allowed the civilians and authorities more secure places to settle down, and also the missioners started a cohesion work with native people, even though some churches were built with a fortified aspect -also some haciendas were built like this -several arsenals were placed along the main silver route, and in some other strategic situations. Although Spain conquered Mexico in 1521, the northern tribes named Chichimecas were still in war during the 16 th century, and pacification was made slowly through the northern border of Nueva Galicia kingdom. So the Mexican arsenals, posts or presidios -places where they made or stored military weapons and explosiveswere situated, in some cases, every 8 leagues, and helped secure mine production. It is through the conversion of these buildings to museums and interpretation centers that people, especially tourists and students, could comprehend better the national history, significance and the morphology of fortresses and forts. Also this paper could contribute to restoration projects of maritime heritage and historic arsenals.

Se ha formulado la posibilidad de dar seguimiento al volumen de piedras deterioradas por ciclos de envejecimiento acelerado, como un complemento para los registros mediante el peso seco, pues este último se ve alterado en los primeros ciclos hasta un 10% por la formación de cristales internos en la red porosa de las muestras. Para esto, cinco muestras de piedras Tobas volcánicas se han deteriorado mediante ciclos de cristalización con una salmuera de sulfato de sodio concentrada al 12% a temperatura ambiente que oscila entre los 18 y 20 °C. La recolección de los datos se produce en dos categorías: primero en “ciclos” que involucran peso seco y volumen por fotogrametría; y segundo en “periodos” que involucra peso seco, volumen por principio de Arquímedes y volumen por fotogrametría. Con esto se ha observado que el volumen también es afectado por la cristalización de sales, presentando un incremento en los primeros tres ciclos, además se ha demostrado la capacidad de la fotogrametría para adquirir el volumen de objetos de pequeña escala consiguiendo un error porcentual inferior al 4%.