Historically, human migrations have determined the spread of many infectious diseases by promoting the emergence of temporal outbreaks between populations. We aimed to analyze health indicators, expenditure, and disability caused by tuberculosis (TB) and HIV/AIDS burden under the Colombian-Venezuelan migration flow focusing on the Northeastern border. A retrospective study was conducted using TB and HIV/AIDS data since 2009. We consolidated a database using official reports from the Colombian Surveillance System, World Health Organization, Indexmundi, the Global Health Observatory, IHME HIV atlas, and Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Disability metrics regarding DALYs (disability adjusted life years) and YLDs (years lived with disability), were compared between countries. Mapping was performed on ArcGIS using official migration data of Venezuelan citizens. Our results indicate that TB profiles from Colombia and Venezuela are identical in terms of disease burden, except for an increase in TB incidence in the Colombian-Venezuelan border departments in recent years, concomitantly with the massive Venezuelan immigration since 2005. We identified a four-fold underfunding for the TB program in Venezuela, which might explain the low-testing rates for cases of multidrug-resistant TB (67%) and HIV/AIDS (60%), as well as extended hospital stays (150 days). We found a significant increase in DALYs of HIV/AIDS patients in Venezuela, specifically, 362.35 compared to 265.37 observed in Colombia during 2017. This study suggests that the Venezuelan massive migration and program underfunding might exacerbate the dual burden of TB and HIV in Colombia, especially towards the Colombian‐Venezuelan border.

Objective: this work presents the results obtained in the development of a seismic velocity inversion mo­del. The reference times recorded on the surface are taken and using the inversion model to obtain the initial reference model (hypocenters and velocities), starting from an unknown model.  Methodology: A hypothetical reference model is pro­posed containing 64 blocks with interval velocity, 16 recording stations on the surface, and 64 earth­quakes in the center of each block. With this model, the reference arrival times are generated for each ear­thquake registered in each station. The inversion mo­del is made up of two parts: the direct model, which allows calculating the arrival times of the signal regis­tered on the surface according to the hypo-central lo­cation of the earthquake and the velocity of the P and S wave of the medium; and the inverse model, which estimates a model of the velocity of the environment and hypo-central locations of the earthquakes that are the input variables of the direct model. The direct model was developed with the wave equation, while the inverse model was developed by modifying the generalized inverse matrix by introducing a factor called “damping.” Results: The discretization model is based on the finite difference method.. When estimating the values of velocity and hypo-central location with the inverse algorithm, the propagation of the wave is simulated with the direct model, and they are compared with the data of reference times measured on the surface. Depending on the value of the mean square error, we proceed to modify the mean velocities and hypo­centers of the earthquakes. This process is repeated iteratively until the calculated error is less than a to­lerance of 2x10-3s2. Conclusions: It was found that the estimated values of velocity and hypo central locations coincide well for regions closer to the surface, while for deep regions the error is greater compared to the hypothetical re­ference model.

Aims & objectives: The Venezuelan socio-political crisis has boosted massive exodus of Venezuelan citizens due to the shortage of medicines and spread of some preventable infectious diseases. We aimed to assess the impact of tuberculosis (TB) and HIV burden, health expenditure and the cost of illness under the framework of Colombian-Venezuelan migration flow focused on Norte de Santander, Santander, and La Guajira provinces. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted including TB and HIV data between 2009-2018. A database was made based on the records from the Colombian Surveillance System (SIVIGILA), official reports of the World Health Organization, Indexmundi, Global Health Observatory, IHME HIV Atlas and UNAIDS. Disability metrics in terms of DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years) and YLDs (Years Lived with Disability), were compared between both countries. Interactive maps were carried out by using ArcGIS program and the official migration data of Venezuelan citizens. We performed a phylogenetic analysis by retrieving pol sequences based in HIV cases from Venezuela and Colombia by using MEGA X and HIV Alamos database. Results: TB country profiles from Colombia and Venezuela were identical in terms of disease burden in 2017 and 2018. However, the Colombian public health settings reported an increase in the TB incidence above national average (22.1 cases per 100,000 inhabitants) in Santander, Norte de Santander and La Guajira provinces during the last years. Similar situation was observed regarding TB multidrug-resistant, prolonged hospital stays (150 days) and low-testing rates for cases of multidrug-resistant TB (67%) and HIV/AIDS (60%). We identified an underfunding for HIV/AIDS control programs and patient care. Our DALY analysis showed an increased disability in HIV/AIDS patients (362.35 for 2017). Moreover, our phylogenetic analysis shows three defined clusters, which indicate specific linages through specific areas, and shared cluster in the Colombo-Venezuela border. Conclusions: This study suggests that the massive migration and program underfunding in Venezuela might exacerbate the dual burden of TB and HIV in Colombia, especially towards the Colombo-Venezuelan border.

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Debido a la importancia que actualmente tiene la diabetes como enfermedad que se perfila ser una pandemia a nivel mundial, se hace necesario estudiar y comprender, desde difere