<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> From May to December 2019, a literature review of the urinary system iatrogenic injury problem was performed. The most cited, representative articles in PubMed, Scopus, and WoS databases dedicated to this problem were selected. Urinary system iatrogenic injuries include ureter, bladder, urethra, and kidney traumas. It is widely thought that the main causes of such injuries are urological, obstetric, gynecological, and surgical operations on the retroperitoneal space, pelvis, or perineum. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The purpose of the study is to describe all aspects of the iatrogenic injure problem, under the established scheme and for each of the most damaged organs: the urethra, bladder, kidney, and ureter. The treatment of confirmed iatrogenic injuries largely depends on the period of its detection. Modern medical procedures provide conservative or minimally invasive treatment. An untimely diagnosis worsens the treatment prognosis. “Overlooked” urinary system trauma is a serious threat to society and a particular patient. Thus, incorrect or traumatic catheterization can lead to infection (RR 95%) and urethral stricture (RR ≥11–36%), and percutaneous puncture nephrostomy can cause the risk of functional renal parenchyma loss (median 5%), urinary congestion (7%), or sepsis (0.6–1.5%). <b><i>Results:</i></b> Lost gain, profits, long-term and expensive, possibly multistage treatment, stress and depression, and the risks of suicide put a heavy financial, moral, and ethical burden on a person and society. Also, iatrogenic injury might have legal consequences. <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> Thus, the significant problem of urinary tract iatrogenic injuries is still difficult to solve. There is a need to implement mandatory examining algorithms for patients at risk, as well as the multidisciplinary principle for all pelvic surgery.

Esophageal  bleeding is  one of  the most  common medical emergencies. It takes  the  3rd place among  all digestive hemorrhages, and accounts for 14–16 % among all gastrointestinal bleeding. The most common cause of esophageal hemorrhages is Mallory – Weiss esophageal tear (10–12 %), less often – varicose veins of the esophagus in portal hypertension syndrome (up to 4 %) and, in some cases, is esophagitis of various etiologies (up to 1.6 %). The problem of  esophageal  bleeding  is  characterized  by  high  incidence,  high  mortality  rate  due  to  constant  increase  of  portal hyper tension cases, recurrences, difficulties in diagnosis, anatomical and physiological features of the esophagus, low efficiency of the main methods of hemostasis. There are various surgical and conservative methods of hemostasis, which show a variety of opinions in the solution to the problem of stopping esophageal bleeding. In Mallory – Weiss syndrome, endoscopic hemostasis is considered to be the preferred method of treatment. Management of portal hypertension is the most difficult task; a wide range of operations is used from the minimally invasive operations to the liver transplantation, as well as endoscopic hemostasis (ligation, sclerotherapy). In esophageal bleeding, due to reflux esophagitis, mainly conservative treatment is suggested, operations are performed with recurrences or complications. Each kind of esophageal hemorrhage is considered as a separate problem.

Abdominal tuberculosis is a rare form of the disease. The number of tubercular cases has been increasing everywhere since the mid-1980s, which has led to a general increase in the number of patients with abdominal tuberculosis. The Irkutsk region is one of the most disadvantaged regions of Russia in the incidence of tuberculosis and HIV infection. A retrospective analysis of 165 cases of abdominal tuberculosis was conducted. Among patients with abdominal tuberculosis 95.0 % of patients were 30-35 years old, 132 (80.0 %) patients used drugs, 80 % patients had HIV-infection and 79 (47.9 %) patients had hepatitis В. Overwhelming majority had an antisocial lifestyle. The leading manifestation of the disease was abdominal pain syndrome, which was noted in 88.3 %. Nausea and vomiting, hypotension and tachycardia were detected in 49 (29.7 %), 90 (54.5 %) and 118 (71.5 %) persons respectively. Perforations of tubercular gastrointestinal ulcers (75; 53.7 %) were the most frequent complications of abdominal tuberculosis. Gastrointestinal bleedings, tubercular mesenterial lymphadenopathy, tubercular lesions of the spleen, liver, and peritoneum were detected in 4 (2.8 %), 16 (11.4 %), 14 (14.0 %), 9 (6.4 %), 22 (15.7 %)

BACKGROUND: One of the most serious diseases among all emergency abdominal pathology is an acute violation of the mesenteric blood circulation. The rapid development of intestinal ischemia results in its infarction and necrosis. AIM: The study aims to assess the survival rate of patients with mesenteric vascular thrombosis, taking into account, the predictor characteristics influence of disease development factors. METHODS: The study presents a retrospective analysis of mesenteric vascular thrombosis clinical cases for 2016–2019. During this period, there were 147 patients with an established diagnosis at the Irkutsk Clinical Hospital No. 1, 21 of them met the study criteria. RESULTS: According to the type of thrombosis, there were two groups – occlusive (Group I, n = 11) and non occlusive (Group II, n = 10). Four patients (36.3%) of Group I and 7 patients (70%) of Group II (p = 0.388) recovered from the disease. Three patients (27.2%) of Group I and 4 patients (40%) of Group II (p = 0.662) received conservative therapy, 2 of them (66.6%) in Group I and 4 (100%) in Group II (p = 0.724) recovered from the disease. In addition, the authors performed a mortality assessment, according to the timing of the visit to a medical institution. Four (50%) out of eight patients who applied in the first 12 h, 2 (66%) out of three – in the first 12–24 h, and 5 (50%) out of 10 for more than 24 h of illness had a positive treatment result in the combined group. CONCLUSION: The patients over 70 years old with peritoneal symptoms and established intestinal necrosis have an extremely unfavorable prognosis. The primary mesenteric vessel thrombosis with additional contrast angiography still gives a moderate treatment prognosis.

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