Introduction and purpose Obesity is a chronic disease that causes the development of numerous complications such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and type 2 diabetes. The 2017 global nutrition report showed that 2 billion adults and 41 million children worldwide are overweight or obese. Due to the growing problem of obesity, pharmacotherapy is recommended in patients with BMI ≥30 kg / m2 or BMI> 27 kg / m2 with accompanying risk factors. The aim of the study is to discuss the role of GLP-1 analogues in the treatment of obesity. Description of the state of knowledge  GLP-1 receptor agonists that were initially related to the treatment of type 2 diabetes are now being used successfully in the treatment of obesity. The GLP-1 hormone is released from intestinal enteroendocrine cells in response to an increase in glucose levels. Due to the wide neuroanatomical distribution of GLP-1R within the structures of the reward system, it is possible to suppress the need for food intake, which translates into a reduction in the amount of food consumed and a decrease in body weight. The most common side effects associated with the use of GLP-1 analogues include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and constipation, which rarely lead to discontinuation of treatment. Summary Numerous studies have shown that chronic systemic delivery of GLP-1 agonists led to weight loss and helped to maintain a lower body weight. Reduction in food intake is reported as the main mechanism. Discontinuation of the drug was associated with weight gain.

Introduction and purpose In recent years, Mini-Implants (MI) have gained popularity and new complications have emerged with them. The article assesses the current reports on the scale of the problem, factors and diagnostic possibilities related to iatrogenic injuries of periodontal tissues and roots.   Description of the state of knowledge The incidence of complications was estimated to be 13.5%. Complications are more common in the mandible and are estimated at 20-27.1%. Periodontal and root damage are an important risk factor for treatment failure. The fact that the implant does not interfere with the alveolus structure gives the treatment effectiveness in 90%, and the contact with the alveolar “lamina dura” is 62.5%. Interference with the root structure is successful in only 31.2%. Risk factors for failure include: young age, poor hygiene, smoking, area of mandibular molars, contact with the root, thickness of the bone and lack of experience. The implant between the roots is a risk of root trauma, as the location close to the tooth cemento-enamel junction, no preparation for surgery, not using surgical templates, strenuous implantation or implant migration under the influence of orthodontic forces. Radiographs are the gold standard in the diagnosis of complications, but they do not allow for a full assessment of the three-dimensional structures of the implant. A promising method is the evaluation of the torque as the implant is placed in its final location. The patient's subjective feelings are questionable in diagnosis and require further research. Summary There are many complications in using MI and the most important of these is damage to the structures of the periodontium and the tooth root. Despite the low failure rate, failure should be prevented by pre-operative evaluation, in-operative monitoring, and post-operative diagnostics.

Introduction and purpose  Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. Most of them arise in the choroid and ciliary body, whereas 2-5 % of the cases are located to the iris. Nevertheless, during the last few decades the incidence of this neoplasm has been increasing. The aim of the study is to discuss the risk factors, clinical features and methods of diagnosis and treatment of iris melanoma.  Description of the state of knowledge  Iris melanomas vary in their shape, size, degree of pigmentation and clinical behavior and most commonly present as a nodular tumor located in the lower temporal iris quadrant. This localisation is linked to exposure to solar radiation, which among light-colored iris, skin color and pre- existing iris naevus, is a risk factor for this malignancy. Gender predilection for the development of iris melanoma is unclear, however, some studies indicate a predominance of female patients. The most common clinical symptoms are growth of a pre-existing naevus, detection of new, dark lesion, pain secondary to elevated IOP and blurred vision. Due to anterior location of this site of uvea, early diagnosis and treatment is possible. Slit-lamp examination, gonioscopy, and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) allow staging of the tumor to guide the most appropriate treatment. As many primary iris lesions have a benign prognosis, surgical resection or radiotherapy is efficient way of treatment and allows good local tumor control.   Summary  Iris melanoma is least frequent of all uveal melanomas and usually presents as variably pigmented, elevated, solitary lesion. When there is a clinical suspicion of malignancy slit- lamp examination and UBM should be performed. When early diagnosed it can be successfully treated.

Introduction and purpose  Insulin resistance is a state of decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin, despite normal or elevated levels of this hormone in the blood serum. People with insulin resistance for a long time do not show symptoms, which makes it particularly difficult to detect and treat in early stages. It mainly leads to impaired glucose homeostasis and the development of type 2 diabetes, which contributes to the exacerbation of the global problem that diabetes has become. This results in the search for innovative therapies that will help combat insulin resistance better and better. The purpose of this study is to highlight the complexity of the IR and review the current literature for non-pharmacological and pharmacological possibilities of treatment  for insulin resistance.  Description of the state of knowledge  Due to the increase in obesity and the metabolic syndrome, the number of people suffering from insulin resistance is constantly increasing.  In modern times, there are various diagnostic and therapeutic methods that affect the course of insulin resistance. Early detection and introduction of appropriate therapy become the main goal in preventing complications that may occur in the course of this disease.   Summary Treatment methods for insulin resistance can be divided into two groups - non-pharmacological and pharmacological. Both of them are often used together in the form of combination therapy aimed at obtaining the best results in the treatment of insulin resistance. For people for whom known therapies do not work, researches for new treatments is becoming a hope.

Introduction and purpose  Infectious keratitis represents the leading cause of corneal blindness worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Both risk factors and etiological patterns vary between economically developed and developing regions, with bacterial predominance in the former and fungal predominance in the latter. This review aims to provide an updated overview of the risk factors in relation to infectious keratitis. Description of the state of knowledge  Infectious keratitis is a painful and potentially vision-threatening ophthalmic condition characterized by decreased vision, photophobia and eye redness. In severe cases, it may require hospital admission for intensive medical treatment or surgical interventions. It can be caused by a wide array of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites or polymicrobial infection. The most commonly observed predisposing factors for infectious keratitis include contact lens wear, trauma, ocular surface diseases, post-corneal surgery and systemic or local immunosuppression. Manual workers in construction or agricultural industry, exposed to vegetative matter, organic materials and animal products are particularly at risk. Higher rate of incidence is also observed in regions with poor environmental and personal hygiene, low level of education, poor access to sanitation and healthcare facility. Summary  Persistent prevalence of infectious keratitis in both developed and developing countries makes it a serious medical problem. Prevention, proper diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial for positive visual outcome.