Introduction:Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are one of the most popular and also one of the most commonly prescribed medications worldwide. In many conditions associated with excessive secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, they are the first-line treatment. When they are used in a balanced manner in strict indications, they have a high level of efficacy and a favorable safety profile. The low rate of side effects refers mainly to their short-term use.  With the over-the-counter availability of PPIs, increasing dangerous trend of their abuse has provided new evidence suggesting the presence of numerous, more serious side effects of long-term PPI therapy. Purpose:The purpose of this review is to summarize current reports regarding the potential risks and causal relationship of adverse effects occurring as a consequence of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors. Material and methods:This literature review based on the available scientific literature, published between 2015 and 2023 in the Pubmed database, searched using the terms, listed under "keywords”. Conclusion:PPIs are relatively safe drugs. However, they are not completely free of side effects. There are a lot of reports suggesting a potential connection between their long-term use and the development of complications, such as: various infections, decreased absorption of nutrients, kidney disease, liver disease, pancreatic disease, musculoskeletal disease, nervous system disease, cardiovascular disease, dementia, hypergastrinemia and even cancer. However, some of them are fraught with errors, and another often provide contradictory results. More precisely designed studies are needed to draw clear conclusions, especially in view of the ever-increasing abuse of PPIs worldwide. It is worth noting that patients with strictly defined indications for long-term PPI therapy, may benefit significantly outweighing the potential dangers.

Background: Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a form of an idiopathic systolic heart failure, which occurs the most often in the last weeks of pregnancy or in the early postpartum period. Symptoms of this disease include exertional dyspnea, orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea and edema. They are typical for a heart failure, but also can be attributed to late pregnancy or the effects of labor, which is a cause of common misdiagnosis or its delay and significantly affects the worsening of the prognosis and the high mortality rate. In more severe cases, cardiogenic shock, arrhythmias, thromboembolic complications may occur, leading to death. Aim of the study: The study aim is to summarize the current state of knowledge and the recent scientific reports on the potential etiopathogenesis, diagnostics including new biomarkers, and treatment of the peripartum cardiomyopathy. Material and methods: The study is based on the scientific literature available in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, using the following keywords: „peripartum cardiomyopathy”, „pregnancy-associated cardiomyopathy” and “16-kDa prolactin”. Results and conclusions: The diagnosis of peripartum cardiomyopathy should be considered in every pregnant or postnatal woman with symptoms of heart failure. Despite great advances made in understanding and diagnosing PPCM over the last few years, the pathogenesis and complex interactions of genetics and the vascular and hormonal balance of late pregnancy are still unclear. Further research is needed to determine the benefits and risks of bromocriptine treatment and the use of new markers in the diagnostics of PPCM.

Introduction:Lipid disorders are one of the most common modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Until now, the mainstay of dyslipidemia treatment was the use of widely available statins. These drugs, despite significantly lowering cholesterol and bringing its concentration to desired values were associated with a number of side effects. In addition, the need for daily use of statins is inconvenient for patients and leads to their irregular use and, consequently, failure to achieve the desired effect. The new drug, inclisiran, which is a PCSK9 inhibitor, represents the future in the treatment of lipid disorders. Studies conducted to date have explored the drug's mechanism of action, frequency of administration to achieve the desired effect, and side effects. The results of these studies have confirmed the significant efficacy of inclisiran,which may become a major form of treatment for dyslipidemia in the future. Purpose of the work: This article reviews the state of knowledge based on available studies on inclisiran. The aim of the review is to present the most important information about this drug related to the mechanism of action, effects on the body or assessment of efficacy. Materials and methods: The authors, based on databases such as PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar, created a paper summarizing a review of currently available publications, concerning a new drug in the treatment of dyslipidemia- inclisiran.  The authors searched for available information , using terms under the heading "key words" contained in other scientific papers. Summary Inclisiran is a novel drug that represents the future in the treatment of dyslipidemia. Due to the lack of systemic effect, it has insignificant side effects, and the need for such rare administration will allow to obtain the desired lipid concentrations even in patients who do not cooperate.

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a complex, multifactorial phenomenon with an etiology that has not been fully clarified to this day. Despite a noticeable decrease in the number of SIDS cases worldwide, sudden infant death syndrome remains one of the most common causes of death among children in infancy. Sudden infant death syndrome is still the subject of scientific research aimed to clearly determine and identify potential pathogenetic factors responsible for the occurrence of SIDS. Many years of efforts to clarify the etiology of the discussed issue have made it possible to characterize important factors that increase the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. In addition, research has made it possible to develop important approaches that make a significant contribution to reduce the risk of SIDS in an infant. Complete knowledge of the specific conditions that have a protective effect against SIDS will significantly reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome, so a very important aspect is not only their precise analysis, but also their propagation among the public.

Introduction and aim of the study: Obesity is not only increases the risk of developing other diseases, but is itself a chronic disease. It is characterized by a lack of tendency to spontaneous resolution and a tendency to relapse. The growing number of patients facing obesity and its consequences prompts the search for newer and newer methods of its treatment. The aim of this paper is to discuss modern methods of obesity therapy, aimed at reducing the risk of its consequences, both health, psychological, social and economic. Methods and materials: This literature review is based on articles published in the PubMed database from 2016 to 2023, using the following phrases: "obesity risk factors", "obesity treatment", "diagnosis of obesity", "GLP -1 obesity". State of knowledg: We now know that obesity is a disease that needs to be treated. The goal of therapy is not only to achieve the target body weight, but also to reduce the risk of disease and improve the control of coexisting diseases. Conclusion: Obesity is a disease that requires interdisciplinary treatment based on behavioral therapy including changing the lifestyle to a healthier one, psychological support and pharmacological, and in some cases, surgical treatment.