Younger age and higher BMI at diagnosis of T1D can predispose to partial CR in children. In patients with CR of T1D after 2 years of follow-up a lipid profile improvement is observed.
Wolfram syndrome (WFS) is an example of a rare neurodegenerative disease with coexisting endocrine symptoms including diabetes mellitus as the first clinical symptom. Treatment of WFS is still only symptomatic and associated with poor prognosis. Potential markers of disease progression that could be useful for possible intervention trials are not available. Metabolomics has potential to identify such markers. In the present study, serum fingerprinting by LC-QTOF-MS was performed in patients with WFS (n = 13) and in patients with T1D (n = 27). On the basis of the obtained results, aminoheptadecanediol (17:0 sphinganine isomer) (+50%, p = 0.02), as the most discriminatory metabolite, was selected for validation. The 17:0 sphinganine isomer level was determined using the LC-QQQ method in the samples from WFS patients at two time points and compared with samples obtained from patients with T1D (n = 24) and healthy controls (n = 24). Validation analysis showed higher 17:0 sphinganine isomer level in patients with WFS compared to patients with T1D (p = 0.0097) and control group (p < 0.0001) with progressive reduction of its level after two-year follow-up period. Patients with WFS show a unique serum metabolic fingerprint, differentiating them from patients with T1D. Sphinganine derivate seems to be a marker of the ongoing process of neurodegeneration in WFS patients.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is the most common acute complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children. Among all acute complications of T1DM, DKA is a complication with the greatest risk of cerebral edema. The aim of this article was to present current research on the assessment of the risk of cerebral edema in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis in the course of T1DM. The development of DKA in T1DM is associated with rapid changes in osmolarity and the reduction of the brain tissue perfusion and decreased diffusion coefficient due to the dominance of the extracellular fluid or the impact of increased amounts of ketones on the endothelium. The assessment of the patient's neurological status is the primary measure aimed at early detection of cerebral edema in patients with DKA. As well, neuroimaging studies including CT and MRI are helpful in detecting brain edema but sometimes they can be too invasive and do not clearly correlate with the patient's clinical state. The assessment of dynamic changes in interleukin-1 and interleukin-8 concentrations in diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis and during the treatment of patients can also help to evaluate the risk of neurological complications and find the way to prevent them. Even a very careful observation of the patient with T1DM and ketoacidosis and an appropriate diagnosis and therapy do not allow for the exclusion of brain edema. These facts lead to the search for new biomarkers that allow for early assessment of the risk of cerebral edema. Key words type 1 diabetes, diabetes ketoacidosis, cerebral edema, diabetes complications Streszczenie Kwasica ketonowa (DKA) jest najczęstszym ostrym powikłaniem cukrzycy typu 1 (T1DM) u dzieci. Spośród wszystkich ostrych powikłań cukrzycy typu 1 kwasica ketonowa związana jest z największym ryzykiem wystąpienia obrzęku mózgu. Celem pracy było przedstawienie stanu wiedzy dotyczącego oceny ryzyka wystąpienia obrzęku mózgu u pacjentów z kwasicą ketonową w przebiegu cukrzycy typu 1. Szybkie zmiany osmolarności, zmniejszenie perfuzji tkanki mózgowej oraz zmniejszenie współczynnika dyfuzji z powodu dominacji płynu pozakomórkowego lub wpływu zwiększonej ilości ciał ketonowych na śródbłonek prowadzą do rozwoju DKA. Ocena stanu neurologicznego pacjenta jest podstawowym działaniem mającym na celu wczesne wykrycie obrzęku mózgu u pacjentów z kwasicą ketonową. Badania obrazowe: CT i NMR wykorzystywane w diagnostyce obrzęku mózgu nie zawsze korelują ze stanem klinicznym pacjenta, będąc równocześnie badaniami inwazyjnymi. Ocena zmian stężenia interleukiny-1 i stężenia interleukiny-8 wydaje się obiecującym sposobem oceny ryzyka wystąpienia powikłań neurologicznych, a także zapobiegania im. Uważna obserwacja pacjenta z kwasicą ketonową w przebiegu cukrzycy typu 1 oraz zastosowanie właściwego leczenia nie pozwalają wykluczyć obrzęku mózgu, co skłania do poszukiwania nowych biomarkerów pozwalających na dokładniejszą ocenę ryzyka wystąpienia obrzęku mózgu. Słowa kluczowe cukrzyca typu 1, kwasica ketonowa, obrzęk mózgu, powikłania cukrzycy
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