Introduction: Fungiform papillae are specialized types of papillae found on the surface of the tongue. Pigmented fungiform papillae of the tongue is a mild tongue disorder characterized by a limited discoloration located on fungiform papillae. Case report: We present a case of a generally healthy 21-year-old woman patient who presented concerned by a pigmented lesion on the tongue. Dermoscopy revealed a distinctive "rose petal pattern" characterized by brown projections with pigmented borders and dichotomized vessels originating at the base. Based on the clinical and dermoscopic features, pigmented fungiform papillae of the tongue were diagnosed, benign lesions requiring no treatment. Conclusions: This case illustrates the role of mucous membrane dermoscopy (mucoscopy) in differential diagnosis of pigmented oral lesions.streszCzenie Wprowadzenie: Brodawki grzybowate występują na powierzchni języka. W ich obrębie znajdują się kubki smakowe, które odpowiadają za odczuwanie gorzkiego smaku oraz receptory temperatury. Opis przypadku: Przedstawiamy przypadek ogólnie zdrowej, 21-letniej pacjentki, która zgłosiła się z powodu zmiany barwnikowej na języku. W obrazie dermoskopowym stwierdzono centralne skupienie pigmentu ze zbieleniem na obwodzie typu "objawu płatka róży". Na podstawie obrazu klinicznego i dermoskopowego rozpoznano pigmentowane brodawki grzybowate języka (pigmented fungiform papillae of the tongue), zmiany łagodne niewymagające leczenia. Wnioski: Opisany przypadek ilustruje znaczenie badania dermoskopowego błony śluzowej (mukoskopii) w diagnostyce różnicowej zmian barwnikowych jamy ustnej.

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<i>One form of activity in cyberspace is the information battle. One of the proposed definitions will define it as a negative co–operation in the sphere of information acquisition, information distortion and information defense, where each side of the action is subordinated to the antagonistic side of the other. It leads to the achievement of political objectives and is aimed at overthrowing the systems of the state responsible for the state of its security. It is important that this condition is at a high, or at least acceptable, level. To ensure this level, it is important to define cybersecurity fighting models that are adequate for the threats and to determine their impact on the level of national security risk in cyberspace. Literature on the subject contains many models of cyberwarfare information that have been shaped in recent years. However, there is no assessment of the adequacy of these models for the risks and risks associated with national security threats. It should be noted that information security itself, as part of national security, is variable. New threats are emerging and, at a very high rate and with high activity in cyberspace, they are capable of destabilising the security of key state administration bodies, military facilities and other important state– run infrastructures.</i><br><br> <i>It should be emphasised that existing cyberspace fighting information models are not universal and cannot be used for any type of threat to national security. They need to find, organise and evaluate those that would be the most appropriate not only for national security threats but also for geopolitical determinants. Assumptions for the research and its results are a noticeable increase in the number of cyberattacks, some of which are important from the point of view of national security – the military system and critical infrastructure elements of the state.<i><br><br> <i>The following subject of the research was adopted in the article – models of information fight, related to threats to national security coming from / to cyberspace. The purpose of scientific research is to define models of information combat and to determine the suitability and evaluation of these models for the purpose of evaluating the risks of national security threats. Identifying the subject and objectives of the research led to a general research question: <b>What appropriate models of information fight in cyberspace can be defined and used for the risks of national security threats?</b> The research method applied theoretical methods (analysis, synthesis, generalisation, abstraction, inference, analogy and comparison) as well as the empirical method of dialogue and the method of participant observation.</i>

Bidirectional space communication is a fundamental prerequisite for maintaining contact with objects performing missions in space, whether manned and unmanned. Until recently, it relied solely on the propagation of electromagnetic waves (the radio) using frequency bands dedicated for objects outside the Earth's atmosphere. However, modern space technologies are subject to ongoing development as they are being fitted with advanced communication systems. Given the constant enhancement of our technological capabilities, the traditional radio-based communication shows a glaring inadequacy and contributes to the widening of a gap between this and the high technology of on-board devices installed on modern spacecraft. The technology that complies with the up-to-date requirements of space communication is optical space communication. It is expected to provide for high-speed data transfer and increase the bandwidth several times, while ensuring immunity to common cyber threats, including jamming, spoofing and meaconing. The deployment of laser-based optical communication will not only contribute to increasing the air and space operation safety levels, but also enable deep space exploration. To this end, NASA’s Laser Communications Relay Demonstration Project (LCRD) is currently undergoing development and testing. This chapter undertakes to characterise the emerging technology with respect to its operating principles, the future scope of applications and involvement in currently conducted experiments. The results from the analysis are presented in the form of scenarios outlining possible applications of laser communication.

W artykule wskazano współczesne zagrożenia militarne w kosmosie, a także oceniono możliwości ich destrukcyjnego oddziaływania oraz operacyjnego wykorzystania przez siły zbrojne różnych państw. Zastosowano teoretyczne metody badawcze: analizę, syntezę, wnioskowanie i uogólnienia. Podkreślono, że dotychczas nie kształtowano świadomości sytuacyjnej działań militarnych w przestrzeni kosmicznej. Do największych zagrożeń militarnych w domenie kosmicznej w trzeciej dekadzie XXI wieku zaliczono perspektywę użycia broni przeciwsatelitarnej jako elementu agresji militarnej oraz działania o charakterze cybernetycznym i informacyjnym pochodzące z cyberprzestrzeni. Innym zagrożeniem militarnym w przestrzeni kosmicznej będzie możliwość wystrzelenia pocisków hipersonicznych oraz rażenie za ich pośrednictwem dowolnych komponentów infrastruktury technicznej z zamiarem osiągnięcia założonych celów politycznych lub wywołania określonego efektu psychologicznego przez aktorów państwowych