The quantitative analysis of an opinion poll conducted in October 2013 in three Russian cities located near Finnish border (St-Petersburg, Kronstadt and Vyborg) explores European identity of their citizens. This area was chosen to illustrate the crucial importance of space interpretation in spatial identity formation by using critical geopolitical approach. The study shows how different images of space on the same territory act as intermediate variables between objective territorial characteristics and citizens' identities. As the geographical position at the border of Russia provides the citizens with geopolitical alternatives to identify their location as a fortress defending the nation (as in the case of Kronstadt) or a bridge between cultures, the given study allows us to compare reasons for these geopolitical choices of inhabitants. Furthermore, the research aims at bridging the gap in the studies of European and multiple identity in Russian regions and provides Northwest Russian perspective on the perpetual discussion about subjective Eastern border of Europe.

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The collective study presents the results of an endevour of a team of historians, political scientists, economists of the Institute of Europe (Russian Academy of Sciences), with participation of specialists from some other research centres. The goal of this research is to explore in a comprehensive way the events unfolding in Europe after the Russian Federation recognised the independence of Donetsk Peoples Republic and Lugansk Peoples Republic and the special military operation was started in Ukraine. The fundamental goal of the operation is the protection of the citizens of DPR and LPR, demilitarisation and denazification of Ukraine. The book contains analysis of the reaction to these decisions focusing on the European Union, NATO, Council of Europe, major European countries, selected partner states of Russia in the CIS, the Russian Orthodox Church.

This paper deals with protectionist barriers as a risk mitigation method to avoid contaminated or unreliable products. A spatial analysis of introduced defensive measures (namely, technical barriers) has been carried out to determine the characteristics of neighbouring societies that stimulate protectionist reactions from states. This willingness to establish technical barriers against goods was attributed to neighbouring citizens' desire to violate accepted rules and deviate from common standards (including manufacturing). Countries surrounded by nonconformist trade partners considered opening their borders to be hazardous. The abovementioned results were observed in countries with vulnerabilities of different kinds (low GDP PPP per capita, Competitiveness Index, Globalization Index and high state fragility). Contiguity effects have been estimated using unorthodox quantitative methods: by computing Bivariate Moran's I coefficient and evaluating local indicators of spatial association (LISA methodology). The chosen dependent and independent variables were observed for the period between 2005 and 2019.

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