Agriculture is a confirmed path to success. No region of the world has developed a diverse, modern economy without first establishing a successful foundation in agriculture. Food security is an enduring critical challenge in Ethiopia. The 2015 El Niño drought is one of the strongest droughts that have been recorded in Ethiopian antiquity. The study aims to evaluate the impacts of climate change and fertilizers applied on barley yield per hectare from 1987 to 2017 using an autoregressive distributed lag to cointegration approach. The mean barley yield was 11.47 quintal per hectare. The Long run bounded test for cointegration among the variables show signal of a long-run relationship with a short run among climate change, fertilizers applied and barley yield per hectare. Based on the value of adjusted R 2 , the explanatory variables explained almost 76% of the variation in the yield of barley. In the long run estimates every 1% rise in current average dap decrease the yield per hectare of barley by 28.76% at citrus paribus and a 1% rise in current precipitation and rainfall increase the yield of barley by 2.768% and 0.41% respectively keeping the effect of one variable to the other constant. The speed of adjustment is -0.381557 which is highly significant indicating the speed of the adjustment back to the long run equilibrium after a short run shock.

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A dairy is a place that is used for handling milk and milk products. Dairy products are basically based on milk. Milk is used to prepare dairy products, such as butter, cheese, and milk powder. There is always a great demand for milk and milk products among people. This study attempted to investigate the trends in the actual yield of cow’s milk production at Andassa dairy farm. We used secondary data for the study of the daily milk production of cows at Andassa dairy farm. The specific objectives of the study were—to identify whether the milk production is time-dependent or not; to predict in which season the milk production is high or low; to examine the daily trend analysis of milk production; to fit the appropriate model; and to forecast the milk production for the future. The study was conducted based on quantitative variables. So, the dependent variable is the average daily milk, and the independent variable is the time measure at which milk production is measured each day. The study used both descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze the data that were collected from the dairy farms in the sector. This study covered a total of 179 days of milk production. The results reveal that the milk yield of cows is declining, and that milk output is time-dependent, according to the time series plot, and that the model is ARIMA.