Cílem tohoto článku je představit čtenáři problematiku romské identity a sebeidentifikace v romské etnické komunitě, a dále představit nesoulad mezi sebeidentifikací (romské pojetí “já”, také nazývané jako “romipen”) a zřejmou obecně předpokládanou identitou romských osob. Mnoho výzkumníků je toho názoru a statistiky dokládají, že dochází k pomalému vytrácení sebeidentifikace s romskou etnickou komunitou. Dále bude stručně představena důležitost jazyka jako jednoho z hlavních faktorů přispívajících k utváření identity společně se sníženou ochotou romských rodičů učit své děti romský jazyk. Tato skutečnost je dokládána výroky romských rodičů a pracovníků, kteří pracují s Romy. Nakonec budou vzneseny pro metodologii plynoucí důsledky nesouladu mezi sebeidentifikací a zjevně předpokládanou identitou.

This article aims to analyse the connection between factors of social exclusion and cognitive development in Roma children. Methods: The research group included 400 Roma children aged 7-11 years (ethnicity based on self-identification) and their parents. They were quota selected from all regions of the Czech Republic, from socially excluded localities and beyond. We used the Woodcock-Johnson IV COG comprehensive intelligence test battery as a research tool to measure cognitive abilities. We measured social exclusion with the newly created Social Exclusion Scale test. We used the SPSS programme to process the data using correlations and regression analysis. Results: Research shows a connection between social exclusion and the cognitive abilities of Roma children in the Czech Republic, but the correlation is not very strong. The cognitive abilities primarily include insufficient language skills and related communication skills in offices, schools, and other institutions. Another important factor are cultural specificities and differences of the Roma minority. For practical social work, working on developing knowledge of the Czech language among Roma families and helping with incomprehensible communication with the authorities seems crucial.

PROBLEM: Atopic eczema is linked with several other psychosomatic diseases and disorders like sleeping disorders or low quality, chronic itching, etc. First, it is important to define two related terms that are important not to confuse, namely ADHD and ADD. Both of these attention disorders are inherited neurodevelopmental disorders. ADD is characterized by loss of concentration, distraction, and emotional hypersensitivity. ADHD is an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The survey study aims at describing the relation of two variables – atopic eczema and attention. Based on the results of the available studies dealing with the said relation, the topic will be presented to the reader and the existing pieces of knowledge will be summarized. METHODS: The study worked with sources from available scientific databases: PubMed, PsycInfo, Scopus and Web of Science. The following key words were entered for search: atopic eczema, ADHD, ADD, attention, relation. Another criterion selected for search was the period of observation, which we set without determination; that decision was based on the fact that the topic in question is specific. The studies were selected based on their relevance for the goal set. 10 studies were analyzed in total. RESULTS: The analysis results show that studies dealing with the issue of the effect of atopic eczema can be divided into two groups. The first group consists of studies which state, based on research, that persons with diagnosed atopic eczema are endangered by attention disorders. While comparing them with healthy population, i.e., with persons without atopic eczema, it was found that persons with atopic eczema have higher proportional chance of attention disorders, and other health problems linked with the said disease, like low quality of sleep, anxieties, depressions or behaviour disorders were registered as well. The studies under analysis also mention a risk period that may be essential for the development of attention disorder. The other group consists of studies which did not demonstrate a direct causal relation between attention eczema and attention disorders, which, if demonstrated, could lead to setting of preventive and therapeutic plans. The results of some of these studies show the coexistence of atopic eczema and ADHD, but the authors state that both disorders may not have causal relation and that they may be influenced by other factors; they recommend other studies which could clarify the prevalence of ADHD in persons with atopic eczema. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In conclusion, it can be stated that there is a higher risk of attention disorder, ADHD, in individuals with atopic eczema. However, as studies show, a causal relation between the two variables in question has not been found yet. The results have also shown that this issue is still little explored, in spite of the fact that a number of studies had a large research set. Therefore, further extensive interdisciplinary studies are needed, in order to prove or disprove their mutual causal relation. In case of proving the causal relation, it is further recommended to proceed to determine preventive and therapeutic strategies for attention disorders caused by atopic eczema, in order to positively influence the resulting quality of life of the individuals with the said disorder type.

Dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation) is still a taboo or trivialized topic, although it affects a significant number of women. The problem can also have major psychological consequences. The article, in the form of a review study, presents an overview of current findings on dysmenorrhea's psychological and psychopathological aspects based on a search of database journal sources. The topic is divided into several areas focused on psychological theories of the origin of dysmenorrhea, psychopathology associated with dysmenorrhea, the influence of self-concepts (such as self-concept, locus of control, body image, etc.) and psychotherapeutic approaches to solving dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea can negatively affect women's self-confidence during menstruation and beyond, negatively affecting the quality of life, social relationships, and perception of one's body. Several studies have confirmed the connection with emotional problems, stress and psychopathologies such as depression, anxiety, neurotic problems, OCD, eating disorders and others. The treatment of dysmenorrhea using psychotherapy is effective, especially in the case of behavioral and cognitive behavioral therapy, hypnotherapy, autogenic training and other relaxation techniques and techniques focused on working with the body.

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