Family-policy regimes unfavourable to combining employment with motherhood have been claimed to increase socio-economic differentials in fertility as combining employment and motherhood has become more normative. This claim has to date been explored mainly in reference to 'liberal' AngloAmerican regimes. Comparing education differentials in age at first birth among native-born women of 1950s and 1960s birth cohorts in seven countries representing three regime types, we find persistence in early first births among low-educated women not only in Britain and the United States but also in Greece, Italy, and Spain. Shifts towards later first births, however, were more extreme in Southern Europe and involved to some extent women at all education levels. The educationallyheterogeneous changes in age patterns of first births seen in the Southern European and AngloAmerican family-policy regimes contrast with educationally-homogeneous changes across birth cohorts seen in the study's two 'universalistic' countries, Norway and France.

Youth and sexuality If the sexual revolution of the 1960s unveiled changes in the sexual behaviour of young people that had silently begun in the previous decades, recent years have seen new and relevant changes, spurred by social media and the web propagating easy-going lifestyles, even in countries where such transformation proceeds at a slower pace (Barbagli, 2013;

In non-experimental research, data on the same population process may be collected simultaneously by more than one instrument. For example, in the present application, two sample surveys and a population birth registration system all collect observations on first births by age and year, while the two surveys additionally collect information on women's education. To make maximum use of the three data sources, the survey data are pooled and the population data introduced as constraints in a logistic regression equation. standard errors through imposing population constraints is independent of the total survey sample size.

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