Commercial powders of pure magnesium were processed by high-energy ball milling. The microstructural and morphological evolution of the powders was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). From the results obtained, it was determined that the ball size is the most influential milling parameter. This was because balls of 1 mm diameter were used after a previous stage of milling with larger balls (i.e., 10 and 3 mm). The powder particles presented an unusual morphology with respect to those observed in the Mg-milling literature and recrystallization phenomena. Moreover, the result strongly varied depending on the ball-to-powder weight ratio (BPR) used during the milling process.
Several authors have shown promising results using Ti and Mg to develop materials that combine the benefits of these two metals, such as their low density and absence of harmful second phases, which makes them attractive for aerospace and biomedical applications as well as for hydrogen storage. However, titanium and magnesium are almost immiscible and there are great differences in processing temperatures of these two metals. Within the techniques reported in the literature for obtaining Ti-Mg alloys, powder metallurgy and high-energy ball milling are possibly the most popular. In this work, Ti and Mg powders were mixed using a high-energy ball mill and subsequently these mixes were sintered by hot isostatic pressing (HIP), under various conditions, to obtain Ti-Mg alloys with Mg %wt. close to the limit of solubility (x < 2%wt.). The results showed the influence of the sintering parameters in the microstructure of the sintered material, which allowed us to obtain a Ti-Mg alloy instead of a composite material.
RESUMENEn este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un estudio detallado de las causas del deterioro observado en ductos metálicos de una planta productora de cemento. Para el análisis, se inició con una minuciosa inspección visual, tomando muestras de sustratos, productos de corrosión y gases de proceso. Al mismo tiempo se realizaron medidas de potencial de estructura, espesores de pared y temperaturas de superficies. Para la evaluación de la agresividad del ambiente se instalaron captadores de contaminantes (cloruros, sulfatos y óxidos de nitrógeno). Las muestras recolectadas se analizaron por medio de microscopia óptica y electrónica de barrido, espectroscopia EDS, difracción de rayos X, espectroscopia infrarroja y cromatografía iónica. Los gases se analizaron in situ siguiendo el procedimiento EPA-2. Los resultados para las superficies externas indican una atmósfera con agresividad C3 según la norma ISO 9223, observando influencia de la alta temperatura, largos periodos de humectación, material particulado y errores en la selección del sistema de protección. Las capas de productos al exterior son uniformes, compactas y son compuestas principalmente por hematita. Al interior de los ductos se presentan procesos de sulfurización y oxidación; el ataque por azufre es localizado y genera perforación de las paredes metálicas. Los productos encontrados son mayormente sulfatos de hierro y Fe 2 O 3 . Los procedimientos empleados y los resultados obtenidos son útiles para la toma de decisiones en mantenimiento y protección contra la corrosión de este tipo de instalaciones.Palabras clave: Oxidación, corrosión atmosférica, corrosión a alta temperatura, evaluación de corrosividad.
ABSTRACT
The results of a detailed study of the causes of deterioration, observed in metallic ducts in a cement
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