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Many engineering structures both above ground and under the ground surface are subject to forces that create overturning moments upon them. In this study, the structure under consideration is the single pile foundation structure of solar panels. Increasing demand for clean energy is pushing for more economical means of constructing such structures with maximum evaluation focused on the cost of installation and the ultimate strength of the fully loaded structure hence single piles come into place. As studied in the previous paper on the design of the pile element, dimensions of 1.4m pile foundation length and 0.26m diameter are also employed in this paper to determine the pull-out capacity. Strength evaluation is done through numerical simulation using FLAC2D which use the finite difference method to evaluate the input codes in step by step manner while integrating the input parameters in a stress train relation as described in the pull-out code. The dimensions of the model mesh are twice the pile foundation depth, 2L in the y-direction and 2L in the x-direction from the pile vertical axis. Strength evaluation is done on sandy, clay and silty medium to determine the vast array of data for engineering design measures. A parametric study is then done by varying the foundation depth from 0.7m to 2.0m, soil angle of internal friction from 10⁰ to 40⁰ and the inclusivity of gap upon failure. The design dimensions show good bearing capacity with load up to 94kN, 90kN and 80kN for dense sand, silty soil and clay soil respectively. The suggested relations for the pull-out capacity of the single pile regarding the axial ability are within design limits.

This paper entails a detailed numerical and parametric study on the lateral behavior of piles in foundation designs. Single-piles are one of the major components of a foundation as they act as the primary component in the transmission of the weights above the structure into the ground for stability to be attained. For this reason, a detailed study on the influence generated on the p-y curves is mandatory to create a numerically valid model for use in the process of foundation design without much ado. Modeling procedure under consideration employs the use of the finite difference method (FMD) embedded in FLAC2D. FDM is used to implement a solution to the coded input for example soil and pile element parameters. The model validation process done in this paper involves the variation of some of the critical parameters such as the variation on the type of soil in the area under consideration. Next, modification of the elastic modulus of the given soil as a check on the cohesiveness, change on the loading velocity at the top of the pile, a variation of the pile material stiffness and the difference of the pile eccentricity. The results obtained from the p-y curves generated from the parameters undergo sifting through for any effects on the ultimate loading capacity of the pile to the allowed design loading limits upon full structural installation. This variation is necessary for the approval of the validity of the model in engineering design. The parametric study from this study shows that the structure is of functional strength and a tolerable factor of safety.

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