Land related grievances shape tropical forest-cover in areas affected by armed-conflict The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) believes that open access contributes to its mission of reducing hunger and poverty, and improving human nutrition in the tropics through research aimed at increasing the eco-efficiency of agriculture. CIAT is committed to creating and sharing knowledge and information openly and globally. We do this through collaborative research as well as through the open sharing of our data, tools, and publications.

Silvopastoral systems (SPS)-production systems integrating trees, forages, and livestock within the same land area-are recognized as critical for reducing tropical deforestation and improving livelihoods, ecosystem services, and carbon sinks. Yet, research on how scaling SPS influences forest cover changes at large geographical scales is scant. Our study delves deeper into the

Introducción: La insuficiencia motriz de origen cerebral (IMOC) o parálisis cerebral es una de las discapacidades motrices con mayor repercusión en el proceso de escolarización. Objetivo: Describir el caso exitoso de la adaptación de un Sistema Alterno de Comunicación (SAC) en un niño con IMOC en proceso de inclusión escolar. Reporte de caso: Niño de 8 años, con IMOC tipo cuadriparesia espástica, con habla ininteligible por disartria espástica severa; asiste a educación especial/vulnerabilidad y recibe concepto favorable para inclusión en educación regular, siendo la mejor opción para su comunicación adaptar un SAC pictográfico. Discusión: Escolares con IMOC, requieren rediseño de condiciones que garanticen modelo de escuela inclusiva, aprendizaje, participación en la vida escolar y reconocimiento de la diversidad. Comunicarse con pares y adultos en un predictor de permanencia o deserción escolar. El uso de un SAC, facilita la inclusión en escuelas regulares, potenciando facilitadores y disminuyendo barreras del entorno.

The global community recognizes that silvopastoral systems (SPS), which are considered a form of sustainable land use, could reduce forest loss. Studies indicate that SPS can improve livelihoods, provide ecosystem services and act as carbon sinks. What has been missing from the literature, however, is how scaling SPS influences forest cover. Our research results from the Colombian Amazon point to possible unintended deforestation due to aggregated effects of farm-level changes in herd composition from broader SPS adoption with the absence of safeguards, appropriate incentives and government agencies devoted to implementing traceability of dairy and beef products to their deforestation-free origins. Our conclusions are drawn from surveying 144 livestock producers with traditional or SPS farms in Caquetá, one of the departments with the highest deforestation rates in Colombia. Land grabbing, in tandem with cattle pasture, is one of the major deforestation and conflict drivers in Colombia. We surveyed the farmers twice, both in 2016 and 2020, to determine the impact of SPS on herd composition. Our results show that surveyed SPS farmers reduced the number of male cattle and increased the number of lactating cows and calves in the herd. This suggests that these farmers specialize in producing milk, a move that constitutes a process of intensification that with the proper safeguards and incentives would unlikely broaden deforestation at the local scale. The availability of more calves and male cattle from SPS adoption, though, may exacerbate the drivers of deforestation because there is a risk that these extra calves and males would be moved to new pastures at the forest border, where they can be fattened as a source of beef. Our findings, as such, warrant a further investigation into the risk of unintended deforestation from scaling SPS and on how to mitigate that risk to make the process deforestation-free.