Aims: To determine the effect of prostatic radiation therapy (RT) on bladder contractility and morphology, and axon, or neuron profiles within the detrusor and major pelvic ganglia (MPG) in male rats. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (8 weeks) received a single dose of prostatic RT (0 or 22 Gy). Bladders and MPG were collected 2-and 10-weeks post-RT. Detrusor contractile responses to carbachol and electrical field stimulation (EFS) were measured. Bladders were stained with Masson's trichrome, and antibodies for nonspecific neuronal marker, cholinergic nerve marker choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and alpha-smooth muscle actin.MPG gene expression was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (Uchl1) and Chat. Results: At 2 weeks post-RT, bladder smooth muscle, detrusor cholinergic axon profiles, and MPG Chat gene expression were increased (p < .05), while carbachol and EFS-mediated contractions were decreased (p < .05). In contrast, at 10 weeks post-RT, nerve-mediated contractions were increased compared with control (p < .05), while bladder smooth muscle, detrusor cholinergic axon profiles, MPG Chat expression, and carbachol contractions had normalized. At both 2-and 10-weeks post-RT, there was no change in detrusor nonspecific axon profiles and MPG Uchl1 expression. Conclusion:In a rat model, RT of the prostate and MPG was associated with early changes in MPG Chat gene expression, and bladder cholinergic axon profiles and smooth muscle content which resolved over time. After RT recovery, bladder contractility decreased early and increased by 10 weeks. Longterm changes to the MPG and increased bladder cholinergic axons may contribute to RT-induced bladder dysfunction in prostate cancer survivors.